Perceptions, Constraints, and Access to Sex Reassignment Surgery among Transgender Individuals: Evidence from a Qualitative Study in Odisha

Abstract

This paper examines the lived experiences of transgender individuals in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, with particular attention to gender dysphoria, access to sex reassignment surgery (SRS), and posttransition social acceptance. Situating gender incongruence within both historical and contemporary contexts, the study underscores that diverse gender identities have long existed but have only recently gained prominence in policy, clinical discourse, and public debate. While not all transgender individuals experience gender dysphoria, many seek interventions to align their physical bodies with their gender identity. Among available treatments, including hormone therapy, psychotherapy, and voice training, SRS has emerged as a significant pathway for achieving gender transition and improving sociopsychological well-being. Drawing on empirical data, this study explores perceptions of SRS, its accessibility and affordability, and the structural and social barriers influencing decision-making. The findings reveal that despite advancements in medical technology and increasing recognition of transgender rights, access to SRS in India remains constrained by legal ambiguities, institutional challenges, and persistent social stigma. Furthermore, gaps between policy provisions and their implementation continue to limit the effectiveness of stateled interventions aimed at supporting transgender communities. The study highlights the complex interplay between medical possibilities, socio-cultural norms, and policy frameworks in shaping transgender experiences. It calls for more inclusive, coherent, and accessible healthcare policies, alongside greater societal sensitisation, to ensure dignity, equity, and well-being for transgender individuals in India.