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Item Open Access Parabastabik samajma prachlit bhasa परावास्तविक समाजमा प्रचलित भाषा(University of North Bengal, 2023) Rai राई, Chandra चन्द्रप्रकाशकम्प्युटर र इन्टरनेटको प्रयोगद्वारा वास्तविकतालाई पर सारिने काम भएको छ जसलाई परावास्तविक भनिन्छ। परावास्तविकता सत्य नै हुन् तर ती प्रत्यक्ष हुँदैनन् वा देखिँदैनन्। आजको संसार परावास्तविक संसारका रूपमा बद्लिँदै गइरहेको देखिन्छ किनभने यहाँ हरेक कार्यको निष्पादन प्रत्यक्षमा भन्दा परोक्षमा अधिक हुने गर्छ। परोक्ष रूपमा गरिने कार्य सहज, सरल, सस्तो र छिटो पनि हुँदछ। यसैले परावास्तविक संसारमा मानिसहरूको भिड बढिरहेको देखिन्छ। परावास्तविक संसारमा प्रवेश गर्ने व्यक्तिहरूको समूहलाई परावास्तविक समुदाय वा परावास्तविक समाज भनिन्छ। ती समुदायका मानिसहरूले त्यहाँ गर्ने हरेक कार्य भाषाका माध्यमबाट सम्पन्न हुन्छ। उनीहरूले प्रस्तुत गर्ने अभिव्यक्ति बोली, लिखित, चित्रित रूपमा र चलचित्रद्वारा प्रकट हुन्छ। त्यसमा पनि अधिकतरले लेख्य भाषाद्वारा विचार प्रकट गर्ने गर्छन् वा एक अर्कामा सम्पर्कित हुन्छन्। परावास्तविक समाजका मानिसहरूले प्रयोग गर्ने लेख्य भाषाका विविध अवस्था र रूपलाई संक्षिप्त रूपमा हेर्ने प्रयास यस लेखमा गरिएको छ। साथै यस लेखमा परावास्तविक समाजले प्रयोग गर्ने भाषाको अध्ययनको लागि फेसबुक, व्हाट्स्एप जस्ता सामाजिक सञ्जालमा प्रयुक्त भाषिक विनिमयलाई सन्दर्भको रूपमा प्रयोग गरिनेछ।Item Open Access Nepali kabitama khadya sanskritiko rupak नेपाली कवितामा खाद्य संस्कृतिको रूपक(University of North bengal, 2023) Thapa थापा, Basudeb वासुदेवखाद्य मानव जीवनका लागि आधारभूत र अपिहार्य वस्तु हो जसका अभावमा जीवन असम्भव छ। खाद्यको उद्देश्य भोक शान्त गराउनु, स्वाद दिनु अनि पोषण दिनु मात्र नभएर यसले हाम्रा आचार विचार, चिन्तन मनन, स्वभाव, संस्कार, व्यवहार, सभ्यता र संस्कृति पनि निर्माण गरिआएका हुन्छन्। कुनै काँचो खाद्य वस्तुलाई पकवानसम्म रूपान्तरण गर्दा यसले खाद्य संस्कृतिका अन्य अभिव्यक्ति र विकल्प वहन गरिसकेको हुन्छ। यसैले यो खाद्य संस्कृतिको संवाहक पनि हो। खाद्य अध्ययन अनि यसका निर्माण प्रक्रियाको प्रतिनिधित्वसँग यो यति जटिल रूपमा बाँधिएको हुन्छ जसले मानव जातिका लागि पोषण पक्षको अंश मात्र नभएर सामाजिक, राजनैतिक, सांस्कृतिक, आर्थिक अनि धार्मिक रूपमा पनि यसको गहिरो महत्व हुन्छ । साहित्यमा विशेष गरी खाद्यसित काल्पनिकता गाँसिएर आउँदा भाषाका माध्यमद्वारा निर्मित पाठहरूले खाद्यलाई तुरुन्तै सांस्कृतिक पाठको रूपमा अन्तर्ज्ञानुशासनसित पनि जोड्ने आग्रह गर्दछ। यसो हुँदा साहित्यिक पाठमा खाद्यले वैकल्पिक रचनात्मकता, भाषिक र सांस्कृतिक सम्भावनाका अरू रूपकहरू निर्माण गर्दछ। खाद्यको साहित्यिक अभिव्यक्तिले खाना वरपरका अभ्यासहरूको बहुअर्थी सम्भावना र सम्भाव्यताहरू अन्वेषण गर्न प्रशस्त मार्ग प्रदान गर्दछ। खाद्यले लोकाचार कसरी निर्माण गर्दछ अनि यस्ता लोकाचारको प्रकृतिबारे विवेचन गर्न साहित्यले कसरी सहयोग गर्दछ भन्ने कुराको शोध नै यस लेखको लक्ष्य हो। यस शोध लेखमा खाद्य संस्कृतिका माध्यमद्वारा केही नेपाली कवितामा खाद्यका अभिव्यक्तिले निर्माण गरेका रूपकहरू केलाउने प्रयत्न गरिएको छ।Item Open Access Sanskritiko byaharthkata संस्कृतिको बह्वर्थकता(University of North Bengal, 2023) Subba सुब्बा, Maherman मेहेरमानयस शोध पत्रमा संस्कृतिको बह्वर्थकता केलाउने प्रयास गरिएको छ। परम्परागत रूपमा संस्कृतिले कुनै जाति वा राष्ट्रमा प्रचलित संस्कार, रीतिरिवाज, आचारविचार, कला कौशल, धर्म, विश्वास, साहित्य अनि कुनै वस्तुलार्इ परिष्कृत रूप दिने काम आदि बुझाउँछ। अर्थात् परम्परागत अर्थमा संस्कृति भन्नाले कुनै जाति तथा राष्ट्रमा प्रचलित संस्कार, सामाजिक जीवन, रीतिरिवाज, आचारव्यवहार, कला, धर्म, इतिहास, आस्था–विश्वास, साहित्य, दर्शन, भाषा, मूल्य, परम्परा, सङ्गीत आदिको समष्टिगत रूप भन्ने बुझिन्छ। तर संस्कृतिको बह्वर्थ र विविध रूप रहेको पाइन्छ। संस्कृति शब्दको अर्थमा मात्र विविधता नरहेर यो विवादास्पद पनि रहेको छ। संस्कृति सम्बन्धित यस्तै कुराहरूको विवेचना गर्ने प्रयास यस लेखमा गरिएको छ। विशेष गरेर परम्परागत अर्थमा संस्कृति, लोक संस्कृति, लोकप्रिय संस्कृति, सांस्कृतिक अध्ययनका दृष्टिमा संस्कृति आदिको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ। यो शोध पत्र तयार पार्नाका निम्ति संस्कृति सम्बन्धित विभिन्न विद्वान्हरूका धारणा ग्रहण गरी विश्लेषणात्मक विधिको प्रयोग गरिएको छ।Item Open Access Assessment of Therapeutic Potential and Phytochemical Profiling in Different Solvent Extracts of Centella asiatica(University of North Bengal, 2023) Saran Kumar GuptaCentella asiatica (L.) Urban, commonly known as Indian pennywort, a small perennial herb from the Apiaceae family has been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different extraction solvents on the therapeutic and phytochemical profiles of various parts of Centella asiatica. Among the various plant parts assessed, the leaves exhibited the best antioxidant and in vitro antidiabetic activity and the highest amount of phytoconstituents compared to petiole and root. Methanol was identified as the most effective solvent, yielding optimal IC50 values for DPPH (30.65 μg/ml) and ABTS (45.23 μg/ml). Additionally, the methanolic extract of leaves exhibited highest content of phenolics (65.49 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoids (12.56 mg QE/g DW). The methanolic leaf extract also demonstrated a promising inhibition potential against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes and possessed elevated levels of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins and terpenoids. This study demonstrated significant variations in the therapeutic potential of Centella asiatica, attributed to differences in the nature of the extraction solvents.Item Open Access Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Novel Cellulose and Starch Degrading Bacteria Isolated from the Rhizospheric Soil of Dendrocalamus minor and Musa sp.(University of North Bengal, 2023) Chettri, Neha; Singh, Rishika; Misra, Megha; Sarkar, Sulagna; Toppo, Prabha; Bhandari, Jnan Bikash; Mathur, PiyushThe rhizosphere is the most active region of soil where plants and microorganisms live in close association and exhibit complex interactions. In the present study, rhizospheric soil samples were collected from bamboo and banana growing well in University of North Bengal campus. Cellulolytic and amylolytic bacteria were isolated from these samples through serial dilution technique and were identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical characteristics. The study showed presence of four isolates mostly from genera Bacillus sp. from rhizosphere of bamboo capable of degrading cellulose while five isolates (Rummeliibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus, Brevibacillus, and Bacillus) from rhizosphere of banana and degrade starch respectively. The study although preliminary but will prove valuable for the extraction of these enzymes from these rhizospheric isolates and will be highly appreciated for their application in biotechnology sector.Item Open Access Standardization of In Vitro Pollen Germination Medium of Two Economically Important Plants: Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. and Lens esculenta M.(University of North Bengal, 2023) Khan, Nasrin Banu; Chatterjee, Soumya; Basak, Ganapati; Sarkar, Purba; Barman, ChandanPollen fertility and viability are essential for fruit and seed set in angiosperms, as well as for the successful development of hybrid plants and storage of germplasms. Our study focused on identifying the optimal culture medium for in vitro pollen grain germination and growth of pollen tube for two commercially important crops Brassica juncea and Lens esculenta. Percentage pollen fertility was analyzed using 1% acetocarmine solution. After ten days, pollen fertility decreased from 100% to 75.14±2.69 % and 72.31±2.52% for B. juncea and L. esculenta, respectively. SGM for pollen germination and tube growth in B. juncea contain boric acid (300 mg/L), calcium nitrate (400 mg/L), magnesium sulphate (300 mg/L), potassium nitrate (400 mg/L) along with 15% sucrose. Addition of 15% PEG in SGM gave the highest value for the percentage of pollen germination (52.90±0.72%) and resulted in the maximum length of pollen tube (45.2±4.93μm). SGM for L. esculenta composed of boric acid (200 mg/L), calcium nitrate (400 mg/L), magnesium sulphate (300 mg/L) and potassium nitrate (200 mg/L) supplemented with 15% sucrose. Among the polyamines, 10-4 M spermine gave the best results for the percentage of pollen germination (42.22±1.36%), while 10-3 M spermine showed highest pollen tube growth (80.92±16.57μm). This study will help to establish protocols for in vitro pollen germination and tube growth of several species of plants closely related to Brassica sp. and Lens sp.Item Open Access Indigenous Traditional Knowledge of Preparation of Marcha Starter Culture of Jaanr and Raksi by Some of the Local Tribal Communities of Kalimpong and Darjeeling Districts of West Bengal, India(UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL, 2023) Khawash, Pramesh; Sharma, Ujwal Bhattarai; Roy, Sapana; Gyeltshen, Sonam; Sapkota, Pramodh; Sunar, Nehal; Chhetri, Nawraj; Rai, Anushka; Gupta, Saran Kumar; Ali, Sajeed; Rai, Ritu; Bantawa, PranayPresent paper investigates the traditional knowledge of some of the local tribes in Kalimpong and Darjeeling districts of West Bengal on the preparation of starter cultures, locally known as “Marcha”, for the preparation of finger-millet based local alcoholic beverage called Jaanr or Chhyang and also Raksi. The study highlights the ethnobotanical significance, the variety of plants used, and their roles in the fermentation process. Fieldwork and interviews with tribal elders and practitioners were conducted to document this invaluable cultural heritage.Item Open Access History and Practices of Kabir Panthies in North India: A Sociological Enquiry(University of North Bengal, 2024-03-31) Kumar, RameshKabir was a leading figure in the Bhakti movement, which revolted against the exploitative social order. It challenged the prevailing hegemony of Brahmins and Mullah and denounced other social evils like religious dogmas, exploitative caste, and immoral practices of the priests and the ruling classes. He criticises not only Hindu and Islamic religious rites that are shallow and superstitious but also the hallowed authority of religious scriptures like the Vedas, Puranas, and Quran. He also satirises high-class people’s claims of social superiority, particularly Brahmins and Kazis. After Kabir, his disciples formed Kabir Panth according to their convenience and interpreted his philosophy in their own way. The deviation of Kabir Panthies has been influenced by social setup. This article discusses the philosophy of Kabir and different strands that emerged in the practices of Kabir by different Kabir panthies. Mainly there are two different Math, i.e., Kabir Chaura of Banaras and Dhamkheda of Chhattisgarh. Hence the differences of Kabir Panth across North India, particularly the differences between the Kabir Chaura of Banaras and Dhamkheda of Chhattisgarh, are analysed and discussed in this article.Item Open Access Everyday Living Body of Ma(University of North Bengal, 2024-03-31) Bagchi, KeyaThe female body is always the point of curiosity, the centre of attraction and a matter of contemplation and contestation from time immemorial. The public “gaze” of both males and females is always fixed on her body. There has always been an endless social discussion on how she will dress, decorate, manipulate maintain or shape her body. It is a very prevalent picture in every era as is also in a modern or post-modern world. Alongside this public opinion about the female body, a woman’s body is always considered to be seductive, enigmatic and alluring. This female body seems very often to be a “desirable other” (Thapan 1995) as depicted in magazines, cinemas, advertisements, on the catwalk and so on. When a woman’s physical beauty is appreciated, she is perceived only based on her body about her sexuality. This “objectification” of the female body is much more emphasized than anything else. The whole process of the objectification of the body is closely related to sexuality which, according to Mackinnon, is ‘a dimension along which gender occurs and through which gender is socially constituted’ (1994:260). Thus, a female body is always a subject of rigid social judgement, evaluation and scrutiny. While talking about the body in everyday life vis-à-vis gender, it can, therefore, be argued that the gendered subject is neither a biological being nor even a psychological being, rather a social being (Thapan 1995) and a woman realizes social identity through experiencing her femininity in inter-subjective relationships with other people. This experience of femininity is closely intertwined with the complex matrix of class, caste, regional and socio-economic components. How a gendered subject is constructed by herself is once again the product of the process of social construction. In this paper, I will represent the visions of some women who have become mothers in their early thirties and living in the Malda Municipal area to explore how the physical embodiment of women is influenced by gender in everyday life with an emphasis on their realizations, wishes and imaginations.Item Open Access Governance of Sleep: Story of Sleeping Bodies and Networks of Discourse(University of North Bengal, 2024-03-31) Saha, AyatreeThis essay engages with the “government” of sleep that is constituted by discursive regularities as well as normative procedures. Sleep is not only regulated by the state but by different modes that involve the social as well as economic conditions. The essay uses a Foucauldian lens to look at the discourse around sleep and the technological interventions that mediate between human subjects and objects. It is in this context of neo-liberalism that this essay examines the governance of sleeper’s bodies imbricated within the nexus of power relations. With the coming of age of techno-social interaction, not only is sleep commodified but the universal necessity of it, is packaged within the 24/7 global productivity. Drawing from Michel Foucault’s concept of power and discipline, Bruno Latour’s idea of mediation via objects producing hybrids, and Simon J. William’s formulation of sleep, I argue for the kind of mediation that makes sleep a hybrid concept in itself. The essay constitutes the general conditions and problems of the “government of sleep” consisting of a more discursive and transcendental orientation to constitute the overall analytic of sleep as a field of control, mobilisation and suppression within modern capitalism. The essay lays out the specific technologies of the governance/ government of sleep that the grid of power in societies determined by conditions of capitalist production and extraction forge.