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Item Open Access 1 | P a g e Confronting the ‘Congress System’ in West Bengal: Electoral Strategies of the CPI in the 1950s1(University of North Bengal, 2017) Jana, Arun KAt the time of Independence Communists support in West Bengal was highly uneven across districts and among classes. It was largely confined to the working class areas in and around the capital, Calcutta. When the CPI decided to contest the West Bengal Assembly elections in 1951 it was not the only Left party which contested. There were several other that competed like the Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP), the two factions of the Forward Bloc, the Bolshevik Party of India etc. In the 1957 elections however the number of Left parties that were in the electoral fray declined. The CPI clearly emerged as the leading Left party in the state by 1957. The electoral strength and support of the CPI went on increasing from 28 seats with 10.76 percent of the votes in 1951-52 to 46 seats with 17.81 percent of votes in 1957. Its performance in the parliamentary elections in the state was also remarkable. Out of the 15 seats which it won in the country as a whole in 1952, 5 were from West Bengal. In 1957 the state supplied 6 of the 27 members of the party which were elected to the Lok Sabha. This electoral as well as the social expansion of the CPI in the 1950s is remarkable considering that the Congress like elsewhere in the Country enjoyed dominance in the state in the 1950s and early 1960s. How was the CPI able to expand its social base in the state in the 1950s? What strategies it pursued to challenge the domination of the Congress in the state? These are the questions which the paper attempts to answer.Item Open Access 322 Can We Protect Our Socio-Cultural Identity? Language Rights, Mother Tongue and Creation of a Constitutional Paradox(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Chaki, Nishit RanjanIn India, The Constitution and the policy documents have always recognised the importance of mother tongue and have cherished the linguistic diversity of India. Language is a marker of identity and plays a key role in the formation of the socio-cultural identity of an individual. The various quantitative benefits of having mother tongue based education are well documented. Hence, this this paper specifically explores situations beyond these general statements. It attempts to study the various qualitative aspects related to mother tongue and how these ultimately shape the socio-cultural identity of the individual. Although people in India have the right to conserve their language and pursue education through it, a Hohfeldian analysis shows that there are complexities involved in realising this right. This paper attempts to understand some of the issues associated with non-realization of language rights and its effect on the loss of socio-cultural identity. It explores the position of language rights in the broader spectrum of constitutional structure related to language, especially the effects of transition from erstwhile multilingual States to primarily monolingual States. Further, it evaluates the importance of mother tongue being a specific focus of study within the broader concept of language rights. It explores the interface between language and education and argues that in this regard language rights ought to be non-negotiable. In this regard, it attempts to compare educational rights in the Constitution from the perspective of preservation of linguistic diversity of India. Finally, it details out the unique relationship of language and culture in India and also the role of language in the formation of socio-cultural identity of an individual. The paper is housed under the broad theme of evaluating whether the present linguistic rights and other constitutional provisions are sufficient in the long run to preserve the linguistic diversity of the country.Item Open Access 3D Printer: Needs Real Treat to Intellectual Property in Indian Perspective(University of North Bengal, 2019-03) Singh, Amitabh; Chandel, ShashankItem Open Access A. Lakshminath: Judicial Process Precedent in Indian Law, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, Third Edition 2009, Hardcover, ISBN: 978- 81-7012-180-0(University of North Bengal, 2019-09) Bandyopadhyay, SuparnaItem Open Access A.R.T.: Are We Heading towards Designer Babies?(University of North Bengal, 2012-03) Gadekar, ArchanaItem Open Access Abolition of the Post of Governor: Is Already Too Late(University of North Bengal, 2016-03) Ghosh, Kaushik; Dutta, SanjayItem Open Access About the Contributors :(University of North Bengal, 2021)Item Open Access Absolute and Identity Statements: Some Observations(University of North Bengal, 2021-03) Tiwari, Abhinnshyam ShankarThe Indian Philosophical interpretations of the Upaniṣadic Mahāvakya ‘Tat Tvam Asi’ differ quite vividly when we compare the accounts given to it by the schools of Vedānta such as ‘Dvaita Vedānta’ of Mādhva, ‘Vishiśṭādvaita’ of Rāmānuja, and most famously, the ‘Advaita Vedānta’ of Śankara. The statement translated into English reads something like ‘Thou That art’, which refers to making the individual Atman realize that he himself is the Absolute – The Brahman. In one way of saying, the different names given to the Absolute are synonymous while, in others, they may tend to differ....Item Open Access Acaricidal and Ovicidal Effects of Vitex negundo, Against Oligonychus coffeae, A Common Pest Found in Tea Gardens of North Bengal, India(University of North Bengal, 2023) Ghosh, Sandipan; Sen, Gargi; Ghosh, Chandra; Sen, ArnabTea, a widely consumed and economical beverage across 65 nations, confronts substantial challenges from pests, notably the destructive Red spider mites, which pose significant hurdles for the industry due to their resilient nature and severe impact. Chemical pesticides, while effective against pests in tea production, degrade tea quality, prompting exploration into natural alternatives like floral diversity for pest control. A study in North Bengal, India, aims to the pest-controlling abilities of common weed found in tea gardens in the Terai and Dooars regions.The aqueous extracts of Vitex negundo L. as biocide employed in this study demonstrated substantial acaricidal and oviposition deterrent action against the tea Red Spider Mite Oligonychus coffeae after 48 hours of application. In the future, this aqueous extract could prove to be a fairly priced and efficient acaricide.Item Open Access Accepted, But Not Accepted: The Stigmatisation of LGBT People in India Post Navtej Singh Johar(University of North Bengal, 2020-03) Tamang, RupendraIt has been more than a year since the historic judgment of the Hon'ble Supreme Court for the LGBTQ community. It was the duty of every state to ensure that the judgment should travel to the remotest areas of the country. Has this been really done? Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights clearly states that the world is made up of different countries, cultures and peoples yet despite of these differences we have one thing in common. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. The Constitution of India also has provisions regarding the equality of the people. But how far is this applicable to the LGBTQ community.Item Open Access Accountability of Civil Servants under Indian Laws: A Critical Analysis(University of North Bengal, 2021-09) Gahlawat, EktaThe civil servants are accountable to both political-executive and citizens for ensuring transparency and honest policy implementation. The administration in India has acquired a vast power in the name of socio-economic development. Thus, the chances for administrative abuse are more. So, there is need to establish effective institution (Ombudsman) for the efficient working of the administration. This article focuses on the accountability of the civil servants under the Indian laws. First part of this article deals with the introduction of the civil servants. The second part, describes the provisions related to the civil servants under Indian Constitution (Article 308-311). The third part deals with the accountability of civil servants towards public and political-executive. It also describes the relevant recommendation of committees. Fourth, the most important part deals with the mechanisms to control the civil servants so as to prevent the abuse of power under the administration. The fifth part of the article deals with the lacunas which prevent the proper implementation of all these mechanisms. Finally, the article concludes that Lokpal has provided effective implementation of all mechanisms which can help to eradicate the menace of corruptionItem Open Access Accreditation of Centres of Legal Education in India(University of North Bengal, 2020-09) Roy Mammen, RheaIn India, higher education has witnessed considerable development since Independence with a remarkable growth in the number of Higher Education institutions (HEIs). Overall oversight of these HEIs is under the purview of the University Grants Commission (UGC) with support being provided by Statutory bodies as relevant to the different courses under consideration. In particular, the Bar Council of India (BCI) serves to offer regulatory insight for legal education in the country. Accreditation of HEIs was introduced in India in recognition of the significance of the quality of higher education relating to the achievement of the objectives of higher education. This article therefore attempts to scrutinise the current process of accreditation of HEIs in India under the auspices of the NAAC (National Assessment and Accreditation Council) with particular emphasis on centres of legal education. In this regard, the article scrutinises the regulatory authorities and quality reforms for higher education, and the relevance of accreditation and NAAC. Accreditation of centres of legal education as per the NAAC guidelines is also scrutinised along with the guidelines for accreditation specified by the BCI. In the light of these, the article provides recommendations to enhance the future accreditation of centres of legal education in India.Item Open Access Acquired Rights of Farmers and their Vulnerabilities- A Study(University of North Bengal, 2012-09) Biswas, DigantaItem Open Access Actors and Accolades : Examining the Rights of Actors in Films in India from a Copyright Perspective(University of North Bengal, 2022-03) Gogoi, Jupi; Sebastian, TaniaRecognition and protection of cinematograph film under the Indian Copyright Act, 1957 (hereinafter “The Act”) does not address the concerns of Actors. The practical collaboration in a film of producers, directors, scriptwriters, actors, music composers and others stands undermined in the case of actors. This is so as the current copyright regime in India emphasises only on the rights of producers and neglects the rights of others, specially actors. The inclusion of actors in the definition of performers does not confer rights related to copyright as these rights of copyright and related rights (including performers rights) are related but different. Though introduced in 1994, the rights of performers were limited in scope. With the intention of strengthening the Rights of Performers, Amendments were made in the Act in 2012. However, all the amendments were not applicable to the actors in films as they retained the earlier provision relating to performances in films, which stated “that once a performer (actor) has, by written agreement, consented to the incorporation of her performance in a cinematograph film she shall not, in the absence of any contract to the contrary, object to the enjoyment by the producer of the film of the performer’s right in the same film.” The rights of the actors were hence retained with and transferred to the producer. Solace is found in the proviso to section 38A (2) of The Act which states that “notwithstanding anything contained in this subsection, the performer shall be entitled for royalties in case of making of the performances for commercial use.” This is unexplored in the Indian Courts and thereby, the current provisions do not seem to offer much assistance to actors working in films. There are also the serious allegations of exploitation of actors, especially those who are not famous. As the largest movie industry in the world, performers in the Indian movie industry receive accolades the world over, however, they continue to work without adequate statutory protection. Limited scholarly work in this area has propelled the need to address all the concerns that actors of films in India face vis-à-vis copyright law in this paper. The paper will include comparative studies with the rights of actors of films in three jurisdictions, France, UK and USA. Accordingly, suggestions will be provided to strengthen the rights of actors of films in India.Item Open Access Administrative Efficiency and Reservation Policy in India: An Impact Assessment(University of North Bengal, 2011-03) Sharma, Om PrakashItem Open Access Adopting and rejecting logic(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Bhowmik, NilanjanIt is well known that there are, surprisingly enough, alternative logics. Not all logics obey classical logic. One or the other basic laws of classical logic – like excluded middle - can always be challenged and a different logic can be developed. Sometimes this revision takes place because of developments in science. Putnam (1968) argued that classical logic cannot be accepted for quantum mechanics. This implies that we can adopt a different logic when it comes to quantum mechanics. Putnam’s claim supports Quine’s notion that nothing is exempt from revision under empirical pressure. Contrary to this, Kripke (2023) argues that we cannot adopt a logic which deviates from a basic principle like the law of excluded middle. Since, we cannot adopt a logic we cannot change our reasoning because of pressure from empirical sciences. In this paper, I will raise the issue of whether we can reject a logic or not and what implications this can have for logic, reasoning and Quinean anti-exceptionalism about logic. In short, I will argue that we cannot reject a logic, but we can revise classical logic and develop a different formal system but this does not imply that the original logic was somehow just like the sciences, open to rejection. In this sense, logical systems are not like Ptolemaic models of the solar system. I will also maintain that it is hard to say what logic our reasoning employs, and that revision is not the anvil on which the apriority of logic should be tested.Item Open Access ADR In Criminal Cases And Decriminalisation Of Violence: A Gender Perspective(University of North Bengal, 2016-09) Chowdhury, Jamila AItem Open Access ADRS and LokAdalat in India: Genesis and Functioning(University of North Bengal, 2018-09) Mishra, Pawan KrItem Open Access Advent of Vaishnavism in an Animistic Environ: The case of the Deoris of Assam(University of North Bengal, 2015) Medhi, Birinchi K.; Bhuyan, MonimugdhaAnimism is one of the oldest form of religion, which is professed by almost all the tribes of the world. Most of the tribes of North East India, both in the hills and plains, professed animism from time immemorial. The Deoris of Assam, a scheduled tribe principally concentrated in the Brahmaputra valley, are traditionally animist. The Deoris are a patriarchal tribe divided in to four sections. Agriculture is their mainstay and their material culture has been developed centring paddy cultivation. Traditionally they were the worshippers of natural objects. Data for this paper have been collected from Majar Chapari Village of Lakhimpur District, Assam. The village is surrounded by the Assamese Hindu villages and the inhabitants of those villages practised Vaishnavism – a form of Hinduism. Gradually good number of traits of this religious system percolated to the society and culture of the Deoris of Majar Chapari village. In this paper a modest attempt has been made to examine the Vaishnavism practised by the Deori inhabitants of Majar Chapari Village.Item Open Access Aesthetic imageries : look at the ideas of sartre and levi-strauss(University of North Bengal, 31-03-2020) Roy, Sanjay K.The purpose of the paper is not to do a review of the theories of art and aesthetics but to focus on the contrasting views of the two French scholars, Jean Paul Sartre and Claude Levi-Strauss with a view to prepare the launch-pad for an exploration into the world of art and aesthetics, without which, I firmly believe, there cannot be any form of creation (not even in the field of social sciences). It primarily deals with the contrasting views on the modes of aesthetic creations and examines whether aesthetics is founded on the concrete or is completely an act of imagination.