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    Manual scavenging practices in South Asia: a review from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal
    (University of North Bengal, 2022-09) Malik, Namita Singh; Gupta, Smita
    The constitutional ethos of a nation aims to treat people across all sections of the society with equality, justice and fairness. The multi-cultural and multi layered society absorbs such values in proportion to its understanding of constitutional mandate, socio-cultural norms and economic progression. All nations are expected to provide basic human rights & dignified, hygienic working conditions to its people, but unfortunately sanitation services and hygiene practices in South Asia have been quite alarming. Large numbers of people in developing countries are forced to work under endangered conditions, which threatens their life and violates their right to earn livelihood with dignity and safety. This Paper aims to present a comparative analysis of manual scavenging practices in South Asia focusing on India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. Additionally, paper delves into legal institutional mechanisms available in these countries to address the problem of manual scavengers. It also proposes workable solutions to put an end to this obnoxious prevalent practise.
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    Bhutanese Refugee Imbroglio
    (University of North Bengal, 2016) Sarkar, Tuhina
    The 107,000 Nepali- speaking refugees, known as Lhotshampa, claim Bhutanese citizenship based on historical residence patterns. They have languished in refugee camps in Nepal's Terai districts since the early 1990s because of Nepal's, India's and Bhutan's inability or unwillingness to resolve their citizenship status. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), many Bhutanese refugees say they want to return to their homes in Bhutan. Despite this desire- and despite numerous high- level meetings between the governments of Bhutan and Nepal to resolve the refugee crisis over the past 20 years- Bhutan has not permitted a single refugee to return home. Local integration has not been possible for political reasons. With neither repatriation nor local integration a realistic possibility for the great majority of refugees the latter had accepted resettlement in eight Western countries: 91,713 refugees offered settlement in the US had already arrived, some noticeably malnourished and suffering from a vitamin B12 deficiency. Resettlement to a third country has emerged as the only durable solution to the problem.