NBU Journal of Plant Sciences
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The NBU Journal of Plant Sciences serves as the official organ of the Department of Botany for the publication of research papers by its members and researchers. The journal is sent free to its members and different academic institutions on demand.
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Item Open Access Physiological Adaptive Capabilities of Fifteen Different Local Rice Cultivars Under Salinity Condition(University of North Bengal, 2023) Sarker, Aparna; Roy, Subhas ChandraRice is a major cereal contributing to the world’s calories consumption and staple food crop over for one-third of the world’s population. At present salinity is the second most widespread soil problem after drought and is considered as a serious constraint to increase rice production. Soil salinity affects plants through osmotic effects, ion-specific effects and oxidative stress. The effect of salinity stress in plants is mediated at least in part by an enhanced generation of active oxygen species, especially in chloroplast and in mitochondria which cause lipid peroxidation and membrane injury, protein degradation and enzyme inactivation. Plants have developed a complex anti-oxidant complex which mitigates and repairs the damage initiated by reactive oxygen species, toward enzyme synthesis to protect the cellular and subcellular system degradation. The seedling stage is one of the most sensitive stages to salt stress in rice and studies on salt tolerance during this stage could probably provide insights for enhancing tolerance throughout the plant life cycle. The present investigation was undertaken to examine the influence of NaCl on metabolic status of chlorophyll, protein, starch, soluble sugar and salt-tolerant capabilities among different rice cultivars.Item Open Access Characterization of Some Cultivated Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Based on Phenotypic, Physicochemical and Cooking Properties(University of North Bengal, 2022) Sarkar, Shukdeb; Sarkar, Jayita; Limboo, Sona; Yonzon, Bhumika T.; Roy, Subhas ChandraEvaluation of rice genetic diversity is an important step for character specific varietal development program. The present study characterizes 15 rice germplasm of Indian accessions on the basis of agro morphological, physicochemical and cooking parameters. The cultivars showed high degree of variations on their traits. Mean plant height of 88.96 cm, flag leaf length (26.48 cm), flag leaf width (1.17 cm), grain per panicle (130), panicle length (20.97 cm), days to 50% flowering (112.06 days), kernel length breadth ratio (2.65), cooked kernel length breadth ratio (3.25), linear elongation ratio (1.65). Out of 15 rice cultivars, only Sada nunia and Das nunia are aromatic rice and Sada nunia also contain awn. Plant height showed significant positive correlation with PnL and DF and significant negative correlation with GB. GL positively significantly correlates with FLL, GrWt with GL and GB, DF with MT. The cluster analysis grouped the 15 cultivars into 4 clusters with 37.5 dissimilarity coefficient. The high variability with promising traits among the cultivars expected to be significance for future rice breeding programmes.Item Open Access Genetic Resources of Wild Rice (Oryza rufipogon) for Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance Traits(University of North Bengal, 2021-03) Roy, Subhas ChandraRice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important staple food crop of the world; nearly half of the global population depend on it for majority of their dietary intake. Many stresses (biotic and abiotic) have critically affected rice production throughout the world due to global warming, changing climatic conditions and in addition non-durability of biotic resistance gene(s) incorporated into cultivars. Yield increase is not as per the required rate and becomes yield rate is in stagnation. Primary reason of yield stagnation is due to the narrow genetic base in the released varieties. Minimum number of parental lines were utilised to develop new crop varieties which ultimately leads to narrow genetic base. The narrow genetic base in the improved varieties is going to be a main bottleneck for crop improvement program which shield the yield increase. Genetic bottleneck during domestication causes erosion of the genetic diversity in the well adapted cultivars which leads to yield stagnation. Yield plateaus can be surmount through genetic gain by combining the yield related genes/QTLs from different genetic resources of rice germplasm both from local landraces (CLR) and crop wild relatives (CWR). Wild species are the reservoir of genetic diversity with wide adaptability and tolerance to many biotic and abiotic stresses. It is utmost necessary to characterize and conserve rice germplasm for evaluation and effective use of the genetic diversity prevailed in the rice gene pool. Genetic variability in respect to biotic/abiotic resistance is inadequate in the genetic resources of cultivated rice; however, these traits specific genes are available in the unexplored wild species of Oryza which are considered as rich source of agronomically important traits including biotic/abiotic traits. Therefore, breeders are trying to identify and transfer of these valuable genes from wild Oryza species to improve varieties through pre-breeding method and with the assistance of molecular breeding technology.Item Open Access Rice Germplasm: Source of Iron and Zinc for Nutritional Security(University of North Bengal, 2020-03) Roy, Subhas ChandraRice is the most important food crop, more than half (½) of the world’s population depends on it for their sustainable livelihood. Population growth is increasing day by day and it will reach more than > 9 billion by 2050, and to feed the overpopulation we need to produce nearly double amount of food grains to fulfil the demand. It was projected that Global rice yields and consumption rate will rise by 12% and 13% respectively by the year 2027 (FAO 2018). The Green Revolution has played a prime role in the 1960s -1970s to increase agricultural productivity worldwide to make many countries in food self-sufficiency leading to food secured world. The present situation is posing serious challenge for global food security in coming decades due to climate change, limited availability of arable land and water, more over other natural resources are continued to exhaustion. Rice is consumed as sole source of energy mainly in South and Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America which causes micronutrients deficiency leading to chronic malnutrition. Malnutrition due to inadequate intake of micronutrients mostly iron and zinc can lead to ‘Hidden Hunger’, which is responsible for many diseases. Important micronutrients Fe and Zn deficiencies in rice promoting the hidden hunger and causes anemia, stunted growth, poor cognitive development for iron deficiency and for zinc deficiency that causes reduced immunity, diarrhea, lesions on skin, mental lethargy. Approximately 2 billion people are suffering from malnutrition deficiencies for iron and zinc. Micronutrient elements Fe and Zn are available in various local rice varieties which ranged from 6.3-24.4 mg/kg Fe and 13.53- 58.4 mg/kg Zn. Biofortification of rice can assist to alleviate malnutrition associated diseases among the poor people those who are depended on rice as staple food for 40-70% daily caloric intake. Nutritional studies recommended that 24–28 mg/ kg Zn and 13 mg/ kg Fe concentration in polished grain is vital to attain the 30% of human estimated average requirement. Biofortification of cereal foods through conventional breeding can be a good opportunity to improve micronutrient deficiency in the diets. Wild rice accessions (Oryza rufipogon, O.nivara, O. latifolia and O. officinalis) may be used to improve the mineral nutrition in rice grain through breeding and conserve as important resources.Item Open Access Rice research in the high-throughput sequencing era: Genomic breeding Rice breeding for better health(University of North Bengal, 2016-03) Roy, Subhas ChandraRice [ Oryza sativa L.] is the most important cereal crop belongs to the family Poaceae (Grass) which provide staple food for half of the World's population (>3.3 billion). This staple food grain (rice) supplies the main energy resource providing 40-75% of the daily calorie intake to the world's poor people. It is equ ivalent to the proposition that 'Rice is life' in Asian continent because 90% people dependent on for their sustainable livelihood. Simultaneously Asia is considered as 'Rice Basket' because it produces 90% of the world's production (662 million tons, paddy rice, Mt). Total world production was 729 Mt from '154.3 million hectares with productivity of 4.1 tons/hectare (t/ha) in 2012 of which 662 million tons produced by Asian countries. Rice production has been doubled in the recent decades (1960s-1990s) during the tim~ of Green Revolution (1960s) primarily as the result of genetic improvement. It was factual that the varieties released in the· last 30 years in the farmers field, had a narrow genetic base in-spite of high genetic diversity prevailed in the rice germplasm, and yield enhancing capacity has reached to plateau. We need more production of rice to feed 9 Billion people in 2050. Breeder could manage the yield increase over released varieties through genetic gain by combining the yield related genes/QTLs from various genetic resources of rice germplasms either from cultivated local landraces or from wild varieties. Germplasm diversity is the mainstay for crop improvement and genetic dissection of complex traits. Rice germplasm shows tremendous genetic diversity in both within the species and among the varietal groups. This genetic diversity may be associated with the diverse allel~ of important traits and can be exploited to introgress these traits using knowledge of molecular breeding techniques such as marker assisted breeding (MAB) or marker assisted selection (MAS). The Next Generation Sequencing based technology is used for whole genome analysis to unveil the genetic and genomic infor'mation pertaining to important traits for advancing the molecular breeding procedures to increase the production. That ultimately leads to the development of genomic breeding and genomic selection to accelerate the breeding process.Item Open Access In vitro seed germination of an Endangered Terrestrial Orchid Species Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr.(University of North Bengal, 2015-03) Roy, Subhas ChandraOrchid seed is rather difficult to germination rather than other angiospermic seeds, because of lack radical and endosperm, leaf rudiments. Seed germination and protocorm like body (PBL) formation of Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr. was performed. This study was conducted to determine the effects of coconut milk (CM), and BAP for optimal media culture. Seeds from sterilized capsules were cultured on two media and MS medium (Knudson C orchid medium, KnC, containing 0 and 25% (v/v) CM and 0 and 5 mgl BAP with 0.8% (w/v) agar as material. The cultures were solidifying provided by cool white florescent maintained tubes. The highest germination percentage was observation in 15% (v/v), CM and 3 mg l-1 BAP both in MS and KnC media. Seeds germinated and formed light green globular structures on the medium after three weeks of culture. These globular structures produced Protocorm-like body (PLB) and proliferated and developed into irregular-shaped rhizomes with white hairy structures. Highest in vitro seed was found in KnC medium supplemented with 15% CM and 3 mgl-1 BAP about 95.31 % whereas in MS medium maximum cultured germination KnC reached medium at 79% with 15% CM and 3 mg BAP. Overall, this study showed that Geodorum seeds culture on KnC medium containing CM and BAP can be used for clonal propagation.Item Open Access Mass Propagation of an epiphytic orchid Acampe papillosa (Lindl.) through in vitro seed germination(University of North Bengal, 2014-03) Roy, Subhas ChandraA method of in vitro propagation of a medicinally important epiphytic orchid of NBU campus Acampe papillosa has been developed. Three different categories of media (1/2 MS, MS and Knudson C) were used for in vitro asymbiotic seed germination for conservation and commercial uses. Seed germination was observed in all the media without any growth supplement or additives although not efficiently. Seeds showed positive germination response in all the three media but the frequency and onset of germination, protocorm formation and associated morphogenic changes leading to plantlets establishment varied with the nature of additional growth stimulus. Different concentrations and combinations of auxin and cytokinins were used to enhance the germination and seedling development. The different concentration of coconut water (CW) was used as additive supplement in this study and 15% CW showed good germination within 22 days in KnC medium. Various concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators BAP (1mg l-1 to 4 mg l-1), NAA (0.5 mg l-1 to 2 mg l-1) and IBA (0.5 mg l-1 to 2 mg l-1) were added into the three categories of media as growth stimulants. The induction of PLBs was observed in the absence of any exogenous supply of PGRs, but the addition of BAP (4 mg l-1) with KnC medium improved the shoot growth significantly and enhanced the PLBs development (95% efficiency) with highest shoot length (2.5 cm) after six months of culture. Minimum number of days was required for seedling development (148 days) when cultured into the KnC medium supplement with combinations of BAP (4 mg l-1) and IBA (2 mg l-1). Addition of small quantity of NAA (0.5 mg l-1to 2 mg l-1) was not improved the PLBs or seedling development in compared to BAP and IBA. Rooting was improved by addition of IBA (0.5 mg l-1 to 2 mg l-1) into the media. High rate of rooting efficiency was recorded when combinations of auxin and cytokinin was used. Frequency of rooting (95%) was studied in KnC medium containing BAP (4 mg l-1) and IBA (2 mg l-1). Seedling of 2.5 cm long with 3-4 leaves were transferred to earthen pot containing wood charcoal and coco peat for acclimatization under green house conditions. Hardened plantlets showed significantly high survival rate (81%) after seven months of transfer. Therefore, the present method of micro-propagation could be used successfully to propagate this important orchid for commercial production and conservation purposes.Item Open Access Evaluation of genetic variation among three species of Allium on the basis of karyomorphology and SDS-PAGE profiling(University of North Bengal, 2012-03) Roy, Subhas Chandra; Bhutia, Tshering ODetermining the base number, ploidy level and type of ploidy are important aspects in the cytogenetic study of a species. Genetic variation among the three species of the genus Allium (A. cepa, A. sativum and A. hookeri) has been carried out on the bases of chromosomal karyotype and protein banding patterns on SDS-PAGE. Protein profiling was prepared from the observed bands on SDS-PAGE after electrophoresis and staining with coomassie brilliant blue. Shoot protein was extracted in phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) and run on gel for 3 hours at 20 mA constant current. Band numbers were varies from 31 to 39 in different position on the gel according to their Rf value. Bands were scored as binary data and computed in MVSP software for dendrogram analysis to examine their genetic relationship using Jaccard's coefficient. Three species were grouped into three distinct clusters in the dendrogram. Species cepa and sativum was grouped at the similarity coefficient value of 0.53 and species hookeri was placed in separate group at coefficient level of 0.40. Genetic variation was also examined on the basis of PCA analysis. The number of chromosome were found to be present 16 in Allium cepa,16 in Allium sativum, and 22 in Allium hookeri. The shortest chromosome in Allium cepa was 8.75(μm) and the longest one was 23.12(μm) with the ratio of shortest/longest chromosome of 0.37, the mean chromosome length of 15.23(μm) and a mean centromeric index of 0.16%. The shortest chromosome in Allium sativum was 10.62(μm) and the longest one was 30.0 (μm) with the ratio of shortest/longest chromosome of 0.35, the mean chromosome length of 17.41(μm) and a mean centromeric index of 0.60%. The shortest chromosome in Allium hookeri was 5.62 (μm) with the ratio of shortest/longest chromosome of 0.21, the mean chromosome length of 16.58(μm) and the mean centromeric index of 0.46%. Allium hookeri is considered to be much more advanced than the rest of the species (Allium sativum, and Allium cepa) because karyotype of the A. hookeri was ranges from submediam to telocentric chromosome, which is evolutionarily advance characters.Item Open Access Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer in higher plants(University of North Bengal, 2007-03) Roy, Subhas ChandraThe genetic engineering of plants actually started with the discovery of a pathogenic bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, causing a disease known as crown gall (tumor). The bacterium transfers a set of genes from its plasmid into infected plant cells, where the transferred genes are expressed and produced gall at the junction of root and stem (i.e., crown region of the plant). This discovery has revolutionized the plant transformation method through which any gene can be introduced into plant genome to change their genetic make-up for commercial benefits, spaning from disease resistance to the production of pharmaceutically important proteins.