Indian Journal of Law and Justice, Vol. 15, No. 01

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/5236

EDITORIAL NOTE

Season’s Greetings!

I am glad to announce the publication of the Vol. 15 No. 01 issue of the Indian Journal of Law and Justice. The Indian Journal of Law and Justice has come a long way in the last one decade from being a national law journal to being an internationally acclaimed journal and from being a mere print version to having a website of its own, namely ijlj.nbu.ac.in. Along with being enlisted by the UGC CARE, the journal is proudly indexed with the esteemed SCOPUS along with the HeinOnline and EBSCO. Innumerable scholars, academicians and professionals from the field of law as well as other social sciences sector have been relying on this journal for their scholarly publications and have played a pivotal role in their early career success. I along with my highly efficient editorial team pledge to building on the legacy of this journal. We are making an endeavour for online submissions of articles and research papers to improve and expedite peer review. We, as a team, shall continue to remain committed to making it a forum that welcomes scholarship from a diverse and global group of authors, whose ideas are at the cutting edge of law and policy research.

Keeping the trend of the Indian Journal of Law and Justice, authors across the globe have contributed on varied topical matters and raised relevant and pressing questions in their papers to enrich the journal. The current issue highlights on the importance and application of technology and Artificial Intelligence (AI) vis-à-vis legal framework, deepfakes, space laws and environmental issues, rape laws, animal rights, corporate governance, gender issues including LGBTQ rights, mediation and Indian business start- ups.

Apart from the above long articles, two commentaries and a book review in the current issue.

I thank all contributors for their submissions to this edition and their cooperation with the editorial team during the production phase. I express my gratitude again to the entire Editorial Team whose commitment and perseverance made this publication possible

Suggestions and opinions for the improvement of the journal are solicited.

With Best Wishes

Prof. (Dr.) Rathin Bandhopadhyay
Chief Editor

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 23

Open Access
Jallikattu Tug of War, and Indian Supreme Court’s Tango marking a Giant Leap in Reverse for Legal Personality of Animal kind
(University of North Bengal, 2015-03) Bharti, Sunanda
The article discusses how the landmark judgment of Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) v. A. Nagaraja (2014), delivered by Supreme Court of India was superior in content, spirit and wisdom as compared to the latest AWBI v. UOI (May 2023). The former declared bulls unsuitable for sports like Jallikattu and bullock cart races. The court had then emphasised the need to interpret the Prevention of Cruelty Act, 1960 (PCA 1960) liberally in favour of animal welfare. It also assumed the role of parens patriae, responsible for safeguarding the rights of animals. The court argued that animals should not be treated as mere property, but as sentient beings deserving of legal protection. Animals became legal persons as a necessary effect of that judgement, though the court did not declare the same explicitly. However, the latter judgement has reversed the progress made in animal welfare. The Supreme Court's judgment in Animal Welfare Board of India v. UOI, delivered in 2023, allowed the resumption of Jallikattu and similar bovine sports. The court based its decision on amendments made by Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Karnataka to their state legislations, presuming that these changes eliminated the cruelty associated with these sports. The court emphasised the need to consider the amended rules alongside the legislation to understand their true effect. The article highlights the paradox between India's professed concern for humane treatment of animals and the prevailing practice of animal abuse. It argues that unless laws regarding the legal status of animals are revised, meaningful change in their treatment cannot be achieved. The writing concludes by stating that the recent judgment has undone the progress made since the Nagaraja case, jeopardising animal welfare in India.
Open Access
Sociological Dimensions of Rape within Marriage Vis A` Vis a Married Woman’s Right to Her Own Person
(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Mozika, Jyoti J.; Singh, Arpita
Legal thinker, William Blackstone wrote in late 1760’s that “by marriage the husband and the wife are one person in law; that is, the very being or legal existence of woman is suspended in marriage”. Reflecting upon this principle, a married woman’s legal identity would merge with her husband’s, where she had to abdicate her right after marriage. The institution of marriage became central to debates about the position of women in the nineteenth century, in which gendered and classed notions of equality restricted women’s rights within marriage. This article explores the sociology of marriage and various obligations imposed either by societal values or norms on the husband and the wife. It briefly discusses concepts related to marriage, such as – marital unity and authority, right of chastisement, rights of individuals within marriage and domestic/intimate partner violence. It also deals with the concept of right to equality and a married woman’s right to her own person in relation to her marital obligations.
Open Access
The Trilemma of Indian Independent Directors: Concerns and Directions for Reform
(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Bansal, Sakshat; Rajkumar, Janhavi
Independent Directors (IDs) have long been hailed as the ‘monitors’ of India Inc. As the Covid-19 pandemic brought about an unprecedented environment of uncertainty, the risk of unethical conduct on corporate boards also increased manifold. During these times, the monitoring role of IDs gained even more significance. However, studies show that in the year 2020, there was a 45 per cent increase in the rate of resignations by IDs from companies listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) as compared to 2019 and an 80 per cent increase when compared to the rate of resignations in 2018. Why are IDs abandoning India Inc.? Is India heading towards another corporate governance crisis? Can the amendments have introduced by the Indian Ministry of Corporate Affairs in 2021 resolve this impending crisis? This paper aims to tackle these questions by analysing the reasons behind this alarming rate of resignations, studying the effects of the same on the share market and discussing a way forward. To do so, this paper examines whether this impending crisis is a result of (1) the gaps in the legislative drafting for the protection of IDs; (2) negative corporate attitude towards ID; (3) or both. The article also undertakes empirical legal research by analysing the fluctuation in share prices of the top 50 companies in India listed on the NSE (by market capitalisation) in response to the announcement of their IDs’ resignation. In doing so, we study the nexus between IDs’ resignation, the reasons thereof, the fluctuation in share price, and trading volume. In the third section, it examines the avenues for averting this crisis of resignation by IDs. The findings of this study indicate that there is a pressing need to revaluate the legal position of IDs in India Inc. Finally, it highlights the avenues for averting this crisis.
Open Access
A Socio- Legal Analysis of the Forestry and Wildlife Offences with Special Reference to North Bengal Region
(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Bandyopadhyay, Souradipta
Environmental criminal activities pose a grave peril not only to our present life but to our future as well. Unfortunately, national borders do not restrict environmental crimes such as forestry and wildlife offences. These crimes often occur hand to hand with other types of offences. Unlike any other crimes, green crimes pose a threat to human existence. Thus it's high time to safeguard the floras and faunas of our nation. The forest areas of North Bengal are not only a blessing of nature but also a dwelling place for numerous exotic species. A considerable amount of forest cover is situated under the demography of North Bengal. However, this heaven is not secure anymore. Due to its crucial position, this area has become a transit point of trans-boundary crimes and trafficking. Despite strict vigil and numerous legislations, it is becoming difficult to counter such diverse crimes. Through this following piece of work, the author has thus attempted to accentuate the forestry and wildlife crimes that are transpiring right now in this region along with their causes and reasons. The paper also has tried to touch the grey areas of this aspect to understand the contemporary scenario of this region. To discover the above-stated reasons the researcher has taken reference from various primary and secondary data. Finally, the researcher has also endeavored to furnish acuities to constrain the ongoing menace and prevent the circumstances of the forest areas of North Bengal.
Open Access
Protection of Women’s Dignity and Development of Laws against Revenge Porn on Women in India: A Comparative Study
(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Sharma, Om Prakash; Roy, Lalit Kumar
Revenge porn, means the unauthorized dissemination of private photographs or videos of a victim in cyberspace, is a newly judicially recognized crime and has an increasing trend in society with the increasing prevalence of technological advancement. This type of non-consensual pornography which is virtual rape, takes place for several reasons, i.e., taking revenge on his ex-partner, sextortion, blackmailing, getting custody of children from a divorced spouse, etc., which causes sexual exploitation, domestic violence, and more. Recent data shows that about 27% of total internet users in between 13-45 age groups were subjected to revenge porn in India. Though cases are being dealt with, with the help of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 and Information Technology Act, 2000 but till now, there are no explicit provisions dealing with this crime where victims can avail themselves of the relief effectively and without any hesitation. Today, no one can think of a life without the use of the Internet, but protecting women's rights is also a significant concern. Using a comparative analysis, the authors of this research paper will attempt to understand the rising concerns of revenge porn and its development and will try to present a solution to the problem.
Open Access
The Exploration of the Hijra Cult’s Hidden Ethnographic Aspects: Fluid Identities of the “Third Sex” in India
(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Gagneja, Shaveta
Transgender is an umbrella term that refers to individuals who have a gender identity or gender expression that differs from their biological sex assignment. Due to their independence from sexual orientation, they have frequently been referred to as the “third sex” neither male nor female. The hijra’s are individuals of various physical and sexual characteristics, including transsexual, transgender, transvestite, homosexual, and asexual individuals, as well as hermaphrodites or intersexed individuals, and eunuchs. The majority of hijra are gender nonconforming individuals who have a long history in India, where they have played significant roles in Hindu society for over 2000 years. Although it is widely believed that Hijra’s are bestowed with the ability to bless, the issues confronting these communities have not been adequately explored due to the community's hidden nature. An attempt has been made to illuminate the hidden truths about this ethnic community’s way of life, as well as to investigate the community’s unconventional traditions and unique cults. The ethnographic component of the manuscript will be examined in the first section of the manuscript, with a focus on delineating the theoretical frameworks within which hijra identity exists. The section that follows will go over the process of becoming a Hijra, as well as their religious and cultural practises. As a result, this article focuses not only on Hijra subjectivity, but also on Hijra perspectives and the process of being recognised as a third gender.
Open Access
Tax Liability Issues of Transfer Pricing in International Transactions with specific reference to the Partial Intellectual Property
(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Ragu Balan, P.; Prema, E.
The Government acts as the parent and protects its people like children. Initially, Government was entrusted with the duty of protector but now the government functions for the development of people and to increase the standard of living. Government is a welfare state and utilizes all money for the development of its people. The government may accumulate revenue through different methods such as fees collected for government, direct tax, indirect taxes, providing license for business or individual performance, fines collected for the violation of traffic rules, etc., and collected revenues spent for people. The tax is one of the major sources of revenue collected based on income and consumption. Intellectual property is the property created by human intellectual, skill and intellectual labour, etc., The present research plans to drive the study towards how partial intellectual property escapes from tax liability. Generally, these transactions are done between two custom frontiers of different territories. As per Income Tax Act-1961, these transactions are covered under the name of transfer pricing. But, it covered tangible property, services, and financial transactions. Income tax provisions and methods are not useful for levy tax on the transfer of partial intellectual property and other intellectual property. Multinational companies have appointed technical experts to exclude tax liability by invoking tax loopholes. There are various methods used to evade the tax liability of the above- mentioned transactions. The research will identify the research gaps and fill those gaps with appropriate suggestions.
Open Access
A Study of Commercialization of Intellectual Property Laws in India vis- a- vis Challenges and Opportunity
(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Ray, Nabamita Paul; Sinha, Swati
Intellectual property (IP) is an intangible property, where a person uses his own intellect, to create belonging, which is unique and distinctive from others, such as inventions, designs and symbols, literary and artistic works, names, and images used in commerce. The purpose of Intellectual Property Rights is to encourage new creations, artwork, and inventions, that might increase economic growth. Intellectual property includes copyright, trademarks, patents, industrial designs, geographical indicators, etc. Today, IPR has value on the market in addition to being a legal asset. The final and most important step in the innovation process is marketing and commercialization, which is essential for the success of any invention or breakthrough. Therefore, the process of transforming an invention into a financially viable good, service, or method is known as commercialization. From the perspective of intellectual property, the process of generating income through utilising one's intellectual assets is known as commercialization of IP. However, the procedure is intricate and requires a great deal of specific efficiency, expertise, and understanding. The importance of the commercial value of Intellectual property can be sighted with an example of a movie getting leaked on the internet before its formal realise. Then a copyright theft case can be filed before the police like what happened to the movie named 'Udta Punjab' in 2016.
Open Access
Artificial Intelligence Systems and Liability – An Inquiry into the Tort of Negligence Paradigm
(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Sengupta, Monidipa; Matilal, Shreya
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence systems in the last decade, legal liability arising out of the interaction between humans and artificial intelligence systems may become commonplace in the near future. While there are many academic opinions demanding for a new legal framework to address the new technology of artificial intelligence systems, this paper endeavours to draw from traditional tort law and build a realistic and workable structure of ascribing liability arising from interactions between humans and artificial intelligence systems. However, it is limited to the liability arising from negligence and hence primarily focuses on the tort of negligence. To this end, first, it analyses the application of the reasonable person test on matters involving interactions with artificial intelligence systems. Second, it deals with the application of previously known methods of calculating risk in human interactions with artificial intelligence systems. Third, it deals with defences against the tort of negligence claims and their applications on matters involving interactions with AI systems. And finally, it briefly looks into causation and how to determine if a negligence claim has merit or is trivial. The paper concludes that the liability in a negligence claim for an injury occurring during a human interaction with an artificial intelligence system will be attached to one or more of three parties: the developer, the manufacturer, and/or the user. Any other parties simply would not have enough causal link with the injury for it to be a legitimate claim.
Open Access
Deepfakes on Copyright Law- Inadequacy of Present Laws in Determining the Real Issues
(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Nath, Aranya; B., Sreelakshmi
We are in the 21st century, where rapid development of deep fakes technology led to cause harmful consequences justifies some form of regulation. The proposed laws are diverse, addressing many hazards linked with deep fakes. Rather than exploring the field, this Article investigates solutions to a specific set of concerns relating to national security. The interests are concerned with challenges to our social order. A bad actor may use deep fakes to exploit societal differences, destabilize political discussion, and erode faith in political institutions. The ensuing concrete harms might have far-reaching consequences for campaign reform, military operations, and intelligence collection missions, among other things. This Article discusses the legal and constitutional restrictions on any law aiming at legislating deep fakes and the issues related to national security.
Open Access
Liability Issues arising from AI Actions within the Metaverse: Examining the Role of International Private Law
(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Rustambekov, Islambek,; Turdialiev, Muhammad Ali
The importance of international private law is highlighted in this article’s examination of the liability concerns caused by artificial intelligence (AI)’s acts in the metaverse. Questions of responsibility and culpability for AI activities are critical as AI technology proliferate in the metaverse. In this article, the authors give a general summary of the hazards and difficulties that could be involved with AI acts within the metaverse, including privacy violations, property destruction, and injury to people. It examines the use of current legal frameworks to handle liability issues in this situation. Also, this article discusses essential ideas and methodologies that can direct liability decisions in situations involving AI in the metaverse through a review of pertinent case law and academic research. Foreseeability, causation, fault-based responsibility, strict liability regimes, and relevant standards of care are some of the topics covered. In the end, the authors put forward suggestions to improve the field for future civilization.
Open Access
Mediation: Future of Dispute Resolution
(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Srivastava, Ashish Kumar
Disputes and its resolution are inevitable to mankind. Dilatory and expensive litigation process render justice which is like dehydrated peach and remedy provided is worse than the malady. Alternative Dispute Resolution system proposed as a via media of regular justice delivery system but it has been limited to arbitration. Arbitration in India has been run on conventional model of courts which could not yield desired result and after 2015, 2019 amendments in Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, one is skeptical whether it will fetch the desired result or not? Mediation and Conciliation though have been mistaken as one and not as separate branches of ADR. Mediation could not gain momentum. Mediation has largely been in India court-annexed. The notion that we cannot resolve our disputes and we need an authoritative court to resolve the same has been the real issue which did not let mediation and conciliation grow independently. Mediation and Conciliation has never been part of training of the bar and bench which has a natural training and inclination in adversarial justice dispensation process which is dilatory and expensive. Mediation Act, 2023 made an attempt to create the regulatory framework of mediation. Parliamentary Standing Committee submitted its report on bill in July, 2022. This is a new enactment which will be a breakthrough in dispute resolution in India. Mediation, Med Arb, Arb-med and Private Mediation can be a panacea for disposal and resolution of disputes between disputants. In this paper the author attempts to analyze the pros and cons of mediation and its roadmap in India.
Open Access
Analysing the Global Scenario of Sexual Harassment Laws with Special Reference to India: A Comparative Study
(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Basu, Upala
The fear about workplace sexual harassment is a global issue now. In addition to violating the victim’s human rights, this specific type of gender-based violence also impairs their sense of dignity, productivity, and general well-being. Even with subject-specific legislation in place, there has been a rise in workplace harassment of women. Working women are not aware of the resources accessible to them in the event of sexual harassment. This paper on sexual harassment focuses on making a comparative study of the existing sexual harassment laws between India and other countries.
Open Access
Combatting Deep-fakes in India – An Analysis of the Evolving Legal Paradigm and Its Challenges
(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Sarkar, Diya; De Sarkar, Sudipta
Advancement of artificial intelligence and machine learning have spurred a new wave of propagation of false content and information about events and people, as part of entertainment, disparagement, fraud, influencing patterns and perceptions of consumers and voters etc., using deep-fake materials and targeted disinformation campaigns. Many institutions now perceive deep-fakes as a significantly greater hazard than identity theft, which can also be done with deep-fakes. This is especially true since the COVID-19 pandemic when most interactions went online. The advancement of deep-fake technology has reached a stage where the validity and integrity of any digital audio or video content available online may be called into question. This study presents a conceptualization of deep-fakes, explores their socio-legal ramifications, and evaluates the current legal ecosystem in the United States, Europe, and India. The authors through a comparative review intend to present constructive recommendations for addressing the difficulties posed by deep-fake technology and restoring trust within the digital ecosystem. The primary aim of the authors is to draw attention to the existing vulnerabilities linked to deep-fake technology and underscore the significance of implementing legislative regulations to effectively tackle these problems.
Open Access
322 Can We Protect Our Socio-Cultural Identity? Language Rights, Mother Tongue and Creation of a Constitutional Paradox
(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Chaki, Nishit Ranjan
In India, The Constitution and the policy documents have always recognised the importance of mother tongue and have cherished the linguistic diversity of India. Language is a marker of identity and plays a key role in the formation of the socio-cultural identity of an individual. The various quantitative benefits of having mother tongue based education are well documented. Hence, this this paper specifically explores situations beyond these general statements. It attempts to study the various qualitative aspects related to mother tongue and how these ultimately shape the socio-cultural identity of the individual. Although people in India have the right to conserve their language and pursue education through it, a Hohfeldian analysis shows that there are complexities involved in realising this right. This paper attempts to understand some of the issues associated with non-realization of language rights and its effect on the loss of socio-cultural identity. It explores the position of language rights in the broader spectrum of constitutional structure related to language, especially the effects of transition from erstwhile multilingual States to primarily monolingual States. Further, it evaluates the importance of mother tongue being a specific focus of study within the broader concept of language rights. It explores the interface between language and education and argues that in this regard language rights ought to be non-negotiable. In this regard, it attempts to compare educational rights in the Constitution from the perspective of preservation of linguistic diversity of India. Finally, it details out the unique relationship of language and culture in India and also the role of language in the formation of socio-cultural identity of an individual. The paper is housed under the broad theme of evaluating whether the present linguistic rights and other constitutional provisions are sufficient in the long run to preserve the linguistic diversity of the country.
Open Access
An Introduction to the Regulation of Outer Space Environmental Pollution
(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Poddar, Arup; Bandyopadhyay, Rathin
The development of outer space through exploration and exploitation has grown rapidly since the launch of Sputnik-I in 1957, bringing economic benefits and scientific progress. However, the space debris accumulation has created grave environmental challenges. Some 10 million kilograms of space debris, made up of fragments larger than 1 millimeter, challenge the sustainability of space activities. These debris particles can have high velocities and, therefore, they can pose threats to spacecraft, satellites, and even to the safety of astronauts. Despite enormous technological advances, the existing international agreements do not provide adequate definitions and proper mechanisms of functioning for the management of space debris. The existing legal frameworks, including the Outer Space Treaty and the Liability Convention, have not been designed to deal properly with the complexities involved in regulating and accounting for space debris. International cooperation and advanced legislation are necessary in order to mitigate the increase of space debris and make a sustainable use of outer space. It is in this regard that coordination in the use of technology and clarity in legal responsibilities become indispensable elements to protect space exploration in the future from a growing environmental threat—that is, space debris.
Open Access
Women’s Right to Property: An Enigmatic Cauldron of Growing Landlessness of Women across the Globe
(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Patil, Aishwarya; Kumar, D. Ganesh
There is a rise in the participation of women in practically every economic area. The number of women who are leading houses and participating in the world's workforce formally is growing at an alarming rate. In spite of these tendencies, the percentage of land that is legally owned by women is a much lower percentage than that of males across the globe, and women are routinely denied the opportunity to ownership. There are a number of social, cultural, historical, political, and legal variables that contribute to the lack of property and inheritance rights that women have, and the precise patterns of ownership and disenfranchisement may vary greatly from place to place. If a woman does not have a formal title to land or property, for example, it is very difficult for her to acquire a loan or line of credit since she has no security to put up against the debt. This further results in women’s lower status and higher rates of poverty compared to men. This raises many inquiries such as 1. To what extent do women own property globally? 2. In what ways do societal and cultural norms prevent women from gaining access to, controlling, and owning land? 3. What legal, social, and political obstacles prevent women from acquiring, using, and/or reselling land? Therefore, the need of the hour is not just enacting strict laws and regulations but also making sure that these laws and regulations are put into force properly in order to increase women’s access to owning land. This article traces the intellectual waves and political and social factors that formed the difficult disputes over the basic right to property in India, the US, the UK, Islamic countries like Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and several African countries and further discusses the barriers faced by women across the globe to in order to have access to the right to property and finally recommend a way forward.
Open Access
Evaluating ICT Adoption in the Indian Judiciary: Challenges, Opportunities, and the Impact of the E-Courts Project
(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Basu, Subhajit; Jha, Chitra
Over recent decades, the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) across various industries has significantly boosted human effort and creativity. The legal sector, particularly the Indian Judiciary, is no exception to this trend. In response, the Supreme Court of India implemented the National Policy and Action Plan for ICT deployment in the Indian Judiciary (Action Plan 2005) via the e-Courts Project in 2005. This paper critically examines the Indian government's and Supreme Court's efforts to integrate ICT within Indian courts. It assesses the e-Courts Project's successes and challenges during its initial two phases, focusing on the objectives outlined in Action Plan 2005. The analysis revolves around three primary goals: reducing the backlog of pending cases and judicial workload, cutting down litigation costs and complexities, and improving transparency and legal literacy in judicial processes. By exploring progress in these areas, the paper offers insights into whether a strategic reorientation is needed for the upcoming third phase of the e-Courts Project.
Open Access
Innovation and Progress: An Insight into the Indian Business Start-Ups and the Promotion of Scientific Temper for Socio-Economic Advancement
(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Rakshit, Souradeep; Moitra, Sanyukta
The Constitution of India through its 42nd Amendment of 1976, incorporated "scientific temper' as one of the Fundamental Duties to every Indian citizen under Article 51 A (h). The first Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru mentions this term in his book "Discovery of India" where he characterised scientific temper as a mind-set to change or alter one's intuition in the light of evidences and not to accept anything which appears to be irrational or without proof. Our country has consistently put forth attempts to concede to the scientific temper, time and again and emphasised its significance. In 2013, the Science, Technology, and Innovation policy, developed by the Government of India pushed on the advancement of scientific temper amongst every citizen. However, it needs to go quite far to appropriately show this temperament while fostering the resolutions for achieving socio-economic goals of the country. Presently, it has been noticed that business ventures are intensely reliant upon scientific temper and this will be ultimately essential for the entrepreneurs to succeed. Thus, small and micro undertakings backed by competitive and state of the art technology will be the foundation for greater enterprises in the country, resulting in economic boom. All future businesses will be driven by science and technology and hence, it is called for addition of new avenues and enterprises, with changing time and further with scientific temper as its major ingredient. Start-ups can be considered as one such innovation that has been leading businesses growing by leaps and bounds. In India, the last decade emerged with great start-ups like CRED, Meesho, Swiggy, Zomato, Delhivery, Oyo and many more, making itself one of the most important start-up hubs in Asia and perhaps even in the world. The scientific temper in start-ups can further do wonders to India’s socio-economic growth in the long run. Hence, in this paper, the authors shall make an attempt to bring out the essence of scientific temper in bringing forth the technologically advanced start-ups in India and its capacity to form the basis of India's future in the global market, in terms of both technological advancements and entrepreneurship. The paper will also highlight the hindrances to its growth and suggest measures in contributing to the growth of start-up ecosystem in India.
Open Access
Women Participation in Police Force: A Study of Odisha, Jharkhand, and West Bengal
(University of North Bengal, 2024-03) Chakraborty, Ananya; Banerjee, Mrinalini
Ensuring the participation of women in the formal sector is still an uphill task. The challenge is greater when talking about recruiting more women to the police force. The challenges are undoubtedly located in the way police forces are perceived by the masses, as well as the lack of awareness of the employability factors involved in such a job. In June 2021, the Ministry of Home Affairs sent a letter to the DGP’s of all States and Union Territories reiterating one of the directions/suggestions by the “230th Report of Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs”. It even spoke of holding special recruitment drives to increase the number of women in the police force to at least to 33%. Since then more than a year has passed. The paper will give a general overview of the requirement to have more women in the police force. Thereafter it will focus on the significant international and domestic legal interventions to ensure more participation of women. The paper will then focus on only three states in eastern India, to see how far they have been able to ensure/ encourage the representation of women in the police force. The paper will basically argue that apart from the government directives, it is essential to create awareness among the youth and encourage more women to join the police forces. The paper will then conclude with suggestions specifically to ensure involvement of women in the police force.