Browsing by Subject "India"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 52

Open Access
A study of the legal framework for accountability of individuals for crimer against humanity and the role of the international law enforcement agencies.
(University of North Bengal, 2014) Ghosh, Satarupa; Chakraborty, Gangotri
The principle that individuals are and can be held criminally accountable for violations of the laws of war dates back to many years. However, it was only after World War II and the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, set up to judge those German and Japanese military leaders accused of serious crimes during the war, that the idea of individual criminal responsibility for serious breaches of international law gained ground. In this thesis an attempt has made to trace the evolution of individual’s responsibility for crime against humanity, the present legal framework in national and international level and the role of various law enforcement agencies to deal with the problem. Evolution of the Problem: History is witness to the fact that wherever an individual or groups of individuals have become powerful, they have flagrantly tortured the weak and the defenseless. Even where power is legitimated and turned into a legally valid authority, abuse of power and torture of the weak and the defenseless has continued. In this back drop considerable legal mechanism has developed for the exercise of such raw power. An international crime has been broadly defined as “an act universally recognized as criminal, that is, an act that is considered a grave matter of international concern and for some valid reason cannot be left within the exclusive jurisdiction of the state that would have control over it under ordinary circumstances”. Crimes against humanity now are established as jus cogens norms and are implicitly recognized as such in the preamble of the Hague Convention, which served to codify the customary law of armed conflict. Unfortunately, despite several attempts for fixing liability to the individuals who have committed crime against humanity and subjecting them to trials like Nuremberg trials and Tokyo trials the legal framework for fixing liability to individuals guilty of the act of committing crime against humanity to this day remains obscure and vague and ad hoc mechanisms are used to settle such cases. In the face of recent developments in countries like Libya, Egypt, Iraq the lack of legal framework to deal with such matters has become a cause for international concern. The main thrust of this work is to study the existing legal framework for determination of individual’s accountability for the crime against humanity and to propose changes into the existing framework. Hypothesis There is insufficient legal framework for the control and regulation and for fixing liability on the individual for committing crime against humanity and the present mechanism works through international ad hoc tribunals internationalized or mixed tribunals, the International Criminal Court as well as national courts, military tribunals and ordinary courts which allows any state to try alleged perpetrators, even in the absence of any link between the accused and the state exercising jurisdiction which leads to miscarriage of justice on one hand and multiple trials on the same cause of action on the other hand. Research Questions 1. What is the genesis for global movement for accountability? 2. What are the shortcomings of the present legal framework for accountability of international crime? 3. What is the role of the International Law Enforcement Agencies to provide proper justice to the victims? 4. What are the shortcomings of the institutional mechanisms to prevent the growth and spread of the international crime? 5. What is the concept of global movement towards accountability and what is the scope of its growth? Methodology Having selected the above topic for this research, the work will perforce be based on theoretical doctrinal research. The methodology followed is traditional non-empirical research. Chapter Summary Chapter I: “ACCOUNTIBILITY OF INDIVIDUALS FOR CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY: THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK”. The jurisprudential rooting of the present research work is discussed under this chapter. This chapter also explains the concepts used in this research and international legal theories. Chapter-II: HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE CONCERN FOR CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY AND FIXING OF ACCOUNTABILITY: This chapter discuss about the preliminary concepts of international crimes, such as aggression, genocide, war Crimes and crime against humanity and the historical evolution of crime against humanity, this is also an attempt to establish individual criminal liability for the crime against. Chapter-III: CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY BY INDIVIDUALS: PRE 1945 SPECTRUM: This chapter deals with the scenario of crime against humanity by individuals before 1945. Chapter-IV: CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY BY INDIVIDUALS: A POST 1945 SPECTRUM: This chapter describes the scenario of the framework of the trials of individuals for crime against humanity after World War II (1939-1945). Chapter V: “A ROADMAP OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES FOR DEALING WITH INDIVIDUALS ACCUSED OF CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY”. In this chapter the matter of discussion is about various international law enforcement agencies like International Criminal Court, International Court of Justice, Ad Hoc Tribunals and Hybrid Tribunals. Chapter-VI: “A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE INTERNATIONAL AND INDIAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK RELATING TO CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY BY INDIVIDUALS”. This chapter mainly deals with the Indian legal framework and also the various Indian incidents regarding the crime against humanity in comparison with international framework for accountability of individuals for crime against humanity. Chapter-VII: “A STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL PRINCIPLES REGARDING LIABILITY OF INDIVIDUALS FOR CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY IN SELECTED NATIONAL JURISDICTIONS”. The subject matter of this chapter is about the various national laws to combat crime against humanity and the implementation of those laws by the nation states. Chapter-VIII: “INDIVIDUAL LEADER’S LIABLE FOR CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY: A COLLAGE”. In this chapter I have discussed about various specific instances of individual leader’s liability. It is a narrative chapter. Chapter IX: SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUDING REMARKS: In conclusion it can be summed up that the hypothesis that legal framework for the control and regulation and for fixing liability on the individual for committing crime against humanity is insufficient, has been proved and in this regard certain suggestion has been put in the thesis.
Open Access
A study of the status of women in religious laws of the SAARC Nations
(University of North Bengal, 2023) Kejriwal, Shruti; Chakraborty, Gangotri
Equality for women has been a dynamic topic for centuries. Gender inequality is rooted in the societal practices, culture and custom of personal laws of all the SAARC nations. All the major religions of the SAARC countries are influenced by the patriarchal set up. The underlying basis of all personal laws, regardless of religion is, ‘Men and Women are not equal’. There exists discrimination in the personal laws relating to marriage, divorce, maintenance, inheritance, adoption and guardianship in the SAARC nations. All major religions have deep influences upon the people that follow them and, in the countries, where they are dominant or where they are proclaimed as state religion. In the recent past, personal laws have witnessed advances with the constantly changing nature of human relations. In such a scenario, it is an impediment to hold onto the age- old beliefs and traditions of the personal laws, which were adhered to during those times but are a hindrance to today’s growth and betterment. Therefore, there is a duty on the legislature of every SAARC nation to reform the conservative personal laws that are biased against the women. The Judiciary has also through its pragmatic judicial pronouncements and judicial creativity developed and reformed the draconian gender unjust personal laws to meet the dynamisms of the society. Therefore, the need of the hour is to legislate progressive laws to mitigate every inequality that exists in the personal laws of the various religions. This mitigation shall gradually lead to the equality of personal laws for men and women in every religion. Every SAARC nation has a multi-cultural and multi-religious population. In this backdrop, to have a universal secular law for all the SAARC nations is presently a distant dream. However, every SAARC nation may obliterate the gender unjust personal laws by framing progressive laws for the women of each religion. Thus, a parity will inevitably be achieved for the women of every SAARC nation. The title of this thesis is A STUDY OF THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN RELIGIOUS LAWS OF THE SAARC NATIONS. The title of Chapter I is ‘Theoretical and Conceptual Framework of Religious Laws’. The chapter states the interpretation of the religious laws to be synonyms to the personal laws. It examines the nature of personal laws such as private laws, public laws, group rights or individual rights. The chapter also discusses the evolution of personal laws and the views of legal philosophers in context to the personal laws. The title of Chapter 2 is ‘Politics of Personal Laws’. The chapter explains the politics of personal laws in the British era. The chapter further elaborates on the democratic politics behind enacting the laws to regulate the personal laws in India during the 1950s and 1980s. The discussion on the recent politics involved in the Triple Talaq Case and the Sabrimala Case also finds place in the chapter. The two prime jurisprudential theories, centrist and pluralist, relating to the topic has also been examined in the chapter. The chapter also discusses the unpleasant politics behind the righteous policies framed in India. The title of Chapter 3 is ‘Personal Laws and the issues of Gender Inequality’. The chapter examines the personal laws prevailing in India and highlights the issues of gender inequality in them. The laws on marriage, nullity of marriage, maintenance, restitution of conjugal rights, divorce, judicial separation, inheritance, guardianship and adoption applicable to the Hindus, Christians, Parsis and Muslims in India have been critically examined on the basis of gender inequality. The title of Chapter 4 is ‘Judicial Opinion whether Personal Law is a ‘Law’ Under Article 13 of the Constitution of India’. The chapter has recorded the evolution of ‘Personal Laws’ in India starting from the neutrality of British towards the Hindu and Muslim law and then the gradual legislations passed by the Britishers. The chapter discusses the debates held in the Constitution Assembly in relation to the personal laws. The chapter analyses the interpretation of various judicial pronouncements on whether the Personal Laws are ‘Laws’ under Article 13 of the Constitution of India. The title of Chapter 5 is ‘Comparative Study of the Personal Laws of the SAARC nations’. The chapter provides with the interface of law and life lived by the women of the SAARC nations while being governed by the personal laws applicable to them. It examines the status of personal laws in the Constitution of every SAARC nation. The chapter critically examines the laws governing the aspects of marriage, maintenance, divorce, inheritance and guardianship of the SAARC nations on the basis of its application to the women. The title of Chapter 6 is ‘International Instruments relating to Gender Equality’. The universally accepted concept and meaning of ‘gender’, ‘sex’ ‘gender equality’ and ‘stereotypes’ has been discussed in the chapter. The chapter extensively elaborates on the gender inequality issues dealt by the various international instruments of the United Nations. The chapter also incorporates the agendas relating to the rights of the women discussed in the various SAARC summit. The Beijing Declaration and the follow-up action across the world, the UNDP Gender Equality Strategy 2018-2021 and the Sustainable Development Goals also finds the place of discussion in the chapter. The title of Chapter 7 is ‘Scope, Ambit and Applicability of Secular laws in the SAARC Nations’. The chapter elaborates on the concept of secularism imbibed in the Constitution of all the SAARC nations. The chapter also provides with the gap in the metanarratives of secularism and the real time experiences of people belonging to the different religions in the same nation. The chapter also examines the shift in the conceptual meaning of secular laws as explained in different countries and the politics behind it. It studies the government and the societal respect for religious freedom in every SAARC nation. To substantiate, the recent occurrences relating to religious affairs have been incorporated in the chapter. In Chapter 8 the researcher has concluded the entire research work by providing a detailed description of each chapter. The chapter also incorporates suggestions and recommendations to ensure gender just personal laws. Therefore, this research work is carried out with an objective to study the status of the women in the SAARC nations and examine the major religions of the SAARC countries namely: Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism. The researcher has drawn out the understandings and inferences of the teachings of these religion to bring out the correct and favourable conditions for the women of the SAARC nations.
Open Access
Agriculture and Rural Development in India Challenges and Opportunities
(ABHIJEET PUBLICATIONS, 2023) Laha, Sidhartha Sankar; Ghosh, Tapan Kumar
Open Access
Antinutritional factors as influenced by processing parameters during the production of some traditional legume-based fermented foods of India
(University of North Bengal, 2017) Sharma, Anand ,; Sarkar P.K.,
Open Access
Biological Evaluation of Indigenous Medicinal Plants from Darjeeling Himalayan Region of West Bengal for Natural Compound(s) As Inhibitor of Cancer Cell Proliferation and Studies on their Molecular Mechanism
(University of North Bengal, 2023) Rai, Vijeta; Ghosh, Shilpi; Kumar, Anoop
Cancer remains one of the major world health issue after cardiovascular diseases. The area of cancer research is continually expanding with better understanding of molecular mechanism of progression of the disease, which has resulted in development of new drug targets for more efficient cancer therapy. In addition, the search for new anticancer lead compounds is a great challenge due to the development of drug resistance, deleterious side effects and unaffordable cost of current chemotherapeutic drugs. The enormous success of plant based natural products as anticancer agent represents medicinal plants as an important pool for the identification of novel drug. Darjeeling Himalayan region has a rich diversity of therapeutic plants that can be utilized for development of novel drugs. In this study some ethnomedicinally important plants of the Darjeeling Himalayan region, such as Astilbe rivularis, Tupistra nutans, Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum, Bergenia ciliata, Artemesia vulgaris and Eupatorium cannabium were screened for various phytochemicals, and antioxidant, antimicrobial activities, and cytotoxic potential against cancer cell lines, and finally, Astilbe rivularis was selected futher studies on isolation of active compound with anti-cancer potential. A steroid ester compound, spectrometrically characterized as Stigmasta-5(6), 22(23)-dien-3-beta–yl acetate, designated as A11, was isolated for the first time from the plant rhizome in a bioassay guided approach. The catalytic inhibition and structural alteration of human dihydrofolate reductase (hDHFR) by A11 was evaluated using methotrexate (MTX), a DHFR inhibitor anticancer drug as a reference. The compound was found to inhibit the in vitro activity of hDHFR) with IC50 values of 1.20 μM. A11 interacted with hDHFR as revealed by concentration dependent quenching of the tryptophan fluorescence of the enzyme suggesting its effect on structural alteration of the enzyme. Molecular docking of A11 on crystal structure of hDHFR revealed significant interaction with free energy of binding and Ki values of -10.86 kcal mol-1 and 11 nM, respectively. Subsequent in vitro studies at cellular level showed a relatively greater cytotoxic effect of A11 against human kidney (ACHN, IC50 60 μM) and liver (HepG2, IC50 70 μM) cancer cells than their respective normal cells (HEK-293, IC50 350 μM and WRL-68, IC50 520 μM). Scanning electron microscopy of A11 treated cells revealed the morphological feature of apoptosis, like cell rounding and surface detachment, membrane blebbing, loss of cilia and increased number of pores of decreased sizes. A11 mediated apoptosis of cancer cells was found to be correlated with induction of intracellular of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and fragmentation of genomic DNA, which is a hallmark of apoptosis. A11 mediated induction of apoptotic feature of ACHN cells was found to be correlated with increased accumulation of cleaved active form of the pro-apoptotic proteins, like caspase 3, caspase 7, caspase 9 and PARP1. The cleaving of caspace 3 and caspase 7 was further confirmed by western blot analysis. The results thus provide an insight into the anti-tumorigenic potential of A11. The function of A11 in both inhibition of hDHFR and induction of apoptosis suggest that the compound could act via diverse signaling pathways of cancer cells without affecting normal cells. However, a possible link between hDHFR inhibition and cell cycle regulation needs to be illustrated in future studies. The outcomes of this research contribute to the growing field of natural product-based drug discovery and highlight the significance of traditional medicinal knowledge in the context of cancer treatment.
Open Access
Building High-Performance Boards in India : Prerequisites and Challenges
(Thomson Reuters, 2021) Dey Sarkar, Soma; Srivastava, Ashish Kumar; Tripathi, Vikash Ram
Open Access
Challenges to social security : a study on the management of crisis in the tea gardens of Dooars in North Bengal
(University of North Bengal, 2023) Biswakarma, Biki; Chakraborty, Ranjit
Open Access
'City plays' : a study of urban theatre in India since the 1970s
(University of North Bengal, 2021) Roy, Sylee; Sengupta, Ashis
Open Access
Concept of Citizenship in India: A Constitutional Evolution
(Bharti Publications, 2021) Dey Sarkar, Soma; Bhange, C. B.; Kumar, Ajay; Kumar, Arbind
Open Access
Congress Select Committee on the Financial Obligations Between Great Britain and India: report ; vol 1
(Indian National Congress, 1931) Indian National Congress
Open Access
Conservation of germplasm and role of Centre for Conservation & Utilization of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant of NBU, West Bengal, India
(University of North Bengal, 2019-03) Chowdhury, M.; Pal, A.; Mondal, S.; Paul, P.; Basak, M.; Chettri, D.; Chowdhury, R.
Centre for Conservation & Utilization of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant is one of important Herbal garden in India and is located within the campus of University of North Bengal at the foothills of Darjeeling District, West Bengal. Present this ex-situ conservatories houses a total of 729 species of vascular plants belonging to 477 genera and 153 families. Several endemic and threatened species are growing in this garden. The garden is very good store house of various medicinal and aromatic plants and also involve in active research activity.
Open Access
Definition of the state and the enforcement of fundamental rights under the constitution of India
(University of North Bengal, 2008) Poddar, Mita; Dwivedi, B P.
Open Access
Determination of seniority for the purpose of promotion in the services under the state: analytical study
(University of North Bengal, 2018) Dey Sarkar, Soma,; Bandyopadhyay, Dr. Rathin,
Open Access
Drivers and Barriers of Agtech Startups: An Empirical Study in Jalpaiguri District of West Bengal
(University of North Bengal, 2021) Adhikary, Mintu
The advancement of technology is changing the face of Indian agriculture unlocking investment opportunities and solving issues of global food security. Central to this evolution is agricultural technology, or Agtech, which is capable of placing India amongst the top countries in terms of agricultural output. This paper evaluates the drivers and barriers to Agtech startup adoption by farmers in the Jalpaiguri district in West Bengal. The research adopted a mixed-method research approach. The results of the analysis show that there is a low level of awareness about Agtech startups among farmers, and adoption rates are even lower with only 15.3% of the respondents having used services of such platforms. Lack of awareness, limited technical knowledge, perceived irrelevance, and infrastructure challenges, were cited as significant barriers hindering their usage. It recommends that such barriers should be effectively addressed through awareness programs, training activities and better rural infrastructure. This will assist Agtech in enhancing food security and promoting the growth of Indian agriculture.
Open Access
Enquiry into the causes and consequences of rural urban migration in West Bengal with special reference to Coochbehar District
(University of North Bengal, 2022-11) Majumdar, Sujit; Bagchi, Kanak Kanti
Open Access
Ethno-medicinal and molecular profiling of fermented beverages consumed by different tribes in North Bengal, India
(University of North Bengal, 2024) Bhattacharjee, Soumita; Sen, Arnab; Ghosh, Chandra
The widespread adoption of preserving food through natural fermentation has ancient origins, primarily stemming from the ancestral wisdom of Tribal communities. Ethnic foods and beverages are described as culinary offerings that have their roots in the heritage and culture of a particular ethnic group, drawing upon their understanding of locally sourced plant and animal ingredients. India houses a multitude of tribal communities spread across diverse geographical regions. Among these communities, alcoholic beverages hold considerable popularity among the tribal population. As a preservation technique, the ancestral practice of natural fermentation has endured through the indigenous knowledge transmitted by ancestors within these tribes. The mildly alcoholic, sweet-flavoured beverages are regarded more as food than alcoholic drinks due to their highcalorie content, vitamins, and beneficial lactic acid bacteria and yeast. Traditionally prepared alcoholic beverages are cereals such as rice, wheat, maize, or ragi, which have been the substrate of choice for their preparation, depending on the habitat of the tribal population. For generations, alcoholic beverages have been consumed at diverse cultural, social, and religious events. Most fermented drinks predominantly use cereals as a base, incorporating many plants and fruits as the primary raw materials. This combination contributes to a distinct and unique taste in the beverage. Numerous traditional ethnic practices have been ignored, resulting in insufficient documentation for scientific analysis. Therefore, the present investigation was conducted to evaluate the appropriate scientific examination of select tribal beverages in North Bengal, India. Initially, various areas inhabited by tribal communities were selected to gather their respective traditional beverages, used plant parts and the starter culture. The initial screening was based on the alcohol content of the beverages. Eu, a millet-based drink utilized by the Toto tribe in North Bengal, Chokot, a ricebased drink consumed by the Rabha tribe in North Bengal, Harchur raksi, and Timboor raksi, traditional medicinal plant-based drinks used by the tribal community in the highaltitude region in Darjeeling Himalaya, and Haria, a rice-based drink consumed by the Orao and Santal communities in North Bengal, were selected for further study. The injection of starter cultures, serving as the source of ethnic microbiota to induce the fermentation process, was also included in the present study. In vitro, the antioxidant study was also conducted to evaluate the most potent among those, as mentioned earlier, low-alcoholic ethnic drinks. The study results show that Eu is the most potent beverage among the other tribal drinks. The Harchur raksi (HR) is a lesserknown beverage consumed by the indigenous people residing in the high -altitude regions of the entire Himalayan range. HR is unique in its traditional processing method, an indigenous knowledge held by the Darjeeling-Himalayan tribal community. This knowledge should be meticulously documented to preserve its uniqueness. Although HR is considered an anti-inflammatory brew with various ethnomedicinal claims by the local inhabitants, there has been no scientific evaluation thus far. A comprehensive survey was conducted across the Darjeeling Himalayan region to unearth the ethnobotanical knowledge related to HR. HR was identified and collected in collaboration with a local expert. This work aims to assess the physical, biochemical, and metabolite profiling of HR using different biochemical tests and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) experiments. To get a deeper understanding of the medicinal properties of HR, in silico molecular docking studies were conducted. The analysis revealed that HR, with a notably low alcohol content (around 6–8%), exhibits high antioxidant activity. GC–MS analysis of the brew identified 27 bioactive compounds, which were further subjected to bioinformatics analysis. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated the inhibitory activity of most of these compounds against oxidative stress, inflammation, and specific potent viral proteins related to their pathogenicity. Timbur raksi is a distilled fermented alcoholic beverage from the highaltitude region of Darjeeling Himalaya. The methanolic extract of the sample exhibited 60% inhibition at a higher concentration (200μg/ml). The GC-MS evaluation of the sample revealed the presence of 43 bioactive compounds, which have potential applications as scavengers for reactive oxygen species, anti-inflammatory agents, and anticancer compounds. 'Choko'/'Chokot' is a rice-based beverage consumed by the ethnic tribal community 'Rabha' in North Bengal and Assam, India. While rice is the main ingredient in this fermented product, introducing the starter culture, popularly known as 'Bakhor or phap,' brings variation to its composition. 'Choko'/'Chokot' constitutes a significant portion of the daily caloric intake for the Rabha tribe. Metabolite profiling was examined through GC-MS analysis. Additionally, the Metagenomic analysis was employed to assess the total microbial load of the starter culture (Bakhor). Reverse ecology analysis delved into the interaction between the microbes present in the brew and humans. The results indicated that the compounds in this beverage mostly exhibit antimicrobial and antifungal effects despite its relatively higher alcohol content than other tribal ethnic drinks. The metagenomic analysis identified several dominant bacterial genera, including Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Lactobacillus, Ilyobacter, Clostridium, and Lactococcus. Haria is a fermented rice beverage crafted using a starter culture (Ranu dabai) to boiled rice grains. It is a casual drink in daily life and is also utilized to alleviate ailments such as fever, headache, and nausea. Including herbal plants in the starter culture enhances the beverage, providing it with beneficial organoleptic and therapeutic properties. While extensive research has been conducted on Haria, we have not included Haria in our analysis. However, our study does encompass an examination of the plants used in the starter culture of Haria, an area where comprehensive research still needs to be done. The plant-derived phytocompounds demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, suggesting their capacity to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generated during oxidative stress. Consuming the beverage may help overcome the growth of cancerous cells and slow the ageing process. Additionally, the herbal plants exhibit active antimicrobial properties, indicating a therapeutic role in inhibiting the growth of humanpathogenic bacteria and protecting the body from severe infections. "Eu" is a traditional mild alcoholic beverage made from millet and consumed by the Toto tribe in West Bengal. The preparation of Eu involves millet fermentation with the locally cultivated starter culture known as "Moaa." Ethnobotanical data and samples were collected through semi-structured interviews. Qualitative assays, such as acute toxicity, antioxidant analysis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), in vitro anti-inflammatory assay, molecular docking, and physiochemical assessments (pH and alcohol content), were conducted. The findings indicate that Eu has a low alcohol content (approximately 1-3%) and a high antioxidant capacity. GCMS analysis identified thirteen bioactive compounds. The starter culture employed in this brew comprises a diverse microflora. Identifying these microbes will enhance our comprehension of the brew and allow us to quantify its effects on the human system postconsumption. Leveraging advancements in Illumina sequencing technology, meta-profiling of the 16S rRNA (V3–V4 region) has become a valuable resource for scrutinizing the microbiome of various samples. We have utilized this tool to investigate the microbiome population of Eu. The microbial diversity found in the brew primarily consisted of probiotic and fermenting bacteria. Nutrient profiling of Eu assessed the levels of protein, carbohydrates, free amino acids, and free fatty acids. The nutritional content in the brew likely supports the growth of probiotic microflora. Reverse ecology-based network analysis unveiled substantial complementary interactions between humans and the microflora in the Eu. GC–MS analysis identified thirteen potent compounds in Eu, and an extensive network pharmacological study on these compounds revealed the anticancer properties of Eu, particularly against gastrointestinal malignancies. This was achieved by reducing the proliferation of malignant cells and forming pro-inflammatory cytokines. The probiotic microflora and the Eukaryotic Yeast also play a crucial role in fermentation. Several yeast cells were isolated from the starter culture, and from the isolated cultures based on biochemical screening, three strains were selected for identification. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on ITS region (ITS1 and ITS4) sequencing of these three yeast isolates showing similarity with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The MTT assay against the ACHN human renal adenocarcinoma cell line determined the cytotoxicity of Eu. The brew showed no cytotoxic effect. Whole metagenomic sequencing, or WMS, is particularly valuable in studying complex microbial ecosystems, where diverse microbial communities coexist. Whole metagenomic sequencing was done on the starter culture of Eu; the result showed .42% of Archaea, 60.80% of Bacteria, 22.84% of fungi, 11.95% of protozoa and 2.95% of Viruses within the sample. In vivo, acute and sub-acute oral administration toxicity study was conducted to show the efficacy of the drink Eu on a rat model. In the acute toxicity study, female and male Wistar rats received oral administrations of Eu of doses 250 and 500 mg/kg over 28 days following OECD Guidelines 425. In the sub-acute study, no significant reduction or gain of weight was observed when compared with the control group. The haematological and histopathological study also showed no significant alteration of the parameters when compared with the control. The spleen weight of both males and females was changed slightly compared to the standard, but this change is not dose-dependent. The result of sub-acute toxicity showed that an adequate amount of the drink.
Open Access
Ethnobotanical studies in India with notes on Terai-Duars and Hills of Darjiling and Sikkim
(University of North Bengal, 2007-03) Das, A. P.; Ghosh, Chandra; Sarkar, Ajita; Biswas, Rajib
The very survivability of man is greatly associated with plants since his origin. Plants are responsible for the supply of Man's oxygen, food, medicine, fibre, shelter and what not! Also the relationship between man and environment in general has never been static and is changing continuously. But this is not the case with tribal/ aboriginal communities the world over. The life, culture and traditions of these communities have remained almost undisturbed and static for hundreds of years. They are the living archaeological museums of ancient traditions and cultural heritage of a nation.
Open Access
Evolution of Legal Principles Through Judicial Process of Suprene Court on India : Balancing the Doctrine of Stare Decisis and Overruling
(University of North Bengal, 2023) Bandyopadhyay, Suparna; Chakraborty, Gangotri
Open Access
Financial inclusion through business correspondents in North Bengal : An empirical study
(University of North Bengal, 2021) Jaiswal, Pintu Prasad; Dhar, Samirendra Nath
Open Access
Genetic Characterization of Nucleopolyhedrovirus Isolated from Hyposidra talaca Walker (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), a Tea Pest in Terai Region of Darjeeling Foothills, India.
(University of North Bengal, 2022) Ghosh, Bappaditya; Bahadur, Min; Mukhopadhyay, Ananda