Flexible PVDF-Based Portable Self-Powered Piezoelectric Nanogenerator for Sustainable Energy Harvesting

Abstract

In this study, biocompatible poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films were successfully synthesized through an in situ fabrication process, which enables uniform structural formation and enhanced piezoelectric properties. The prepared PVDF films exhibited excellent functional characteristics, including a significant piezoelectric coefficient (d33 ≈ 33.8 pC N−1) along with a remarkably high dielectric constant (∼ 20 × 105) at a low operating frequency of 20 Hz. Based on these optimized PVDF films, we further designed and developed a biocompatible, highly durable, and cost-effective piezoelectric nanogenerator, referred to as PENG. The fabricated device demonstrates outstanding electrical output performance when subjected to simple mechanical stimuli such as a gentle finger touch. Specifically, the nanogenerator produces an open-circuit voltage of approximately 52 V and a short-circuit current of about 1.9 μA, resulting in a power density of nearly 56 mW cm−3. These results highlight the superior energy harvesting capability of the device even under low mechanical force conditions.