An Introduction to the Regulation of Outer Space Environmental Pollution

Abstract

The development of outer space through exploration and exploitation has grown rapidly since the launch of Sputnik-I in 1957, bringing economic benefits and scientific progress. However, the space debris accumulation has created grave environmental challenges. Some 10 million kilograms of space debris, made up of fragments larger than 1 millimeter, challenge the sustainability of space activities. These debris particles can have high velocities and, therefore, they can pose threats to spacecraft, satellites, and even to the safety of astronauts. Despite enormous technological advances, the existing international agreements do not provide adequate definitions and proper mechanisms of functioning for the management of space debris. The existing legal frameworks, including the Outer Space Treaty and the Liability Convention, have not been designed to deal properly with the complexities involved in regulating and accounting for space debris. International cooperation and advanced legislation are necessary in order to mitigate the increase of space debris and make a sustainable use of outer space. It is in this regard that coordination in the use of technology and clarity in legal responsibilities become indispensable elements to protect space exploration in the future from a growing environmental threat—that is, space debris.