Browsing by Subject "Pakistan"

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Open Access
Limited War in India-Pakistan: Revisiting the 24 years of Kargil War
(University of North Bengal, 2023-09) Mukherjee, Dhritiman; Arshed, Tanwir
In May 1998, the two most important South Asian states overtly conducted their nuclear tests and thus marked the beginning of an era of nuclearisation in the sub-continent. This overt nuclearisation within the region led to a sense of optimism among scholars and policymakers which almost completely ruled out the possibility of an all-out war between India and Pakistan. However, exactly after a year the Kargil War erupts between India and Pakistan- a war that was fought between two ‘nuclear power states’ and since then has completely changed the equation and definition of ‘warfare’ between the two most important and strategically volatile states of South Asia. The year 2023 marks the 24th anniversary of the Kargil War, and the present paper makes an attempt to apprise the lesson that both India and Pakistan have learnt in the post Kargil War era, with specific reference to the techniques and modus operandi of warfare. Questioning the very definition of ‘war’ as developed during the Cold War era, this paper will try to look into pertinent issues how warfare between India and Pakistan has undergone a qualitative change in the post-nuclearisation phase. A closer scrutiny of the nature of war that took place in Kargil points to the fact that there exists a space below the nuclear threshold of both India and Pakistan that can be exploited for conducting a ‘Limited War’- a theoretical prism that refutes the claim made by nuclear pessimists that any war between new nuclear nations will escalate to a nuclear level. Using qualitative methodology as its framework, based on the secondary literature and insights of interviews of policy analyst and experts the paper wishes to contribute a new debate within the discourse of India-Pakistan Relations.
Open Access
Manual scavenging practices in South Asia: a review from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal
(University of North Bengal, 2022-09) Malik, Namita Singh; Gupta, Smita
The constitutional ethos of a nation aims to treat people across all sections of the society with equality, justice and fairness. The multi-cultural and multi layered society absorbs such values in proportion to its understanding of constitutional mandate, socio-cultural norms and economic progression. All nations are expected to provide basic human rights & dignified, hygienic working conditions to its people, but unfortunately sanitation services and hygiene practices in South Asia have been quite alarming. Large numbers of people in developing countries are forced to work under endangered conditions, which threatens their life and violates their right to earn livelihood with dignity and safety. This Paper aims to present a comparative analysis of manual scavenging practices in South Asia focusing on India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. Additionally, paper delves into legal institutional mechanisms available in these countries to address the problem of manual scavengers. It also proposes workable solutions to put an end to this obnoxious prevalent practise.