C O N T E N T PAGE NO. Plagiarism Certificate ……………………………………………… i-ii Declaration ………………………………………………………….. iii Supervision Certificate …………………………………………….. iv Contents …………………………………………………………….. v-viii Abstract ……………………………………………………………… x-xiv Acknowledgement …………………………………………………... xv-xix Map ………………………………………………………………….. xx List of Abbreviations ……………………………………………….. xxi List of Tables …………………………………………………………. xxii List of Figures ……………………………………………………… xxiii  CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ………………………… [01-53] 1.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………. 02-03 1.2 Statement of the Problem ……………………………………… 03-10 1.3 The Context of the Present Study …………………………….. 10-17 1.4 Objectives of the Study ………………………………………… 17-18 1.5 Conceptual Clarification with Available Theories …………… 18 1.5.1 Attempts at Definition ………………………………………… 18-19 1.5.2 Theoretical Explanation ……………………………………… 20 1.5.2.1 Classical Explanation ………………………………… 20 1.5.2.2 Biogenic Explanation ………………………………… 20 1.5.2.3 Sociological Explanation …………………………… 20 i. General Strain Theory ……………………….. 21-22 ii. Subculture Theory …………………………… 22 iii. Differential Association Theory …………….. 22-23 iv. Conflict Approach ………………………….. 23-24 v. Imitation Theory ……………………………. 24 vi. Labelling Approach …………………………. 24 vii. Control Theory ……………………………… 24-25 viii. Feminist Theory …………………………….. 25 ix. Post-Modern View on Crime ……………….. 25-26 1.6 Relevance of the Study ………………………………………… 26-29 1.7 Review of Literature …………………………………………… 29-37 1.8. Methodology and Universe ……………………………………. 37-38 1.8.1 Methodology ……………………………………………… 38 1.8.1.1 Relevance of Qualitative Method in the Present Study …. 38-40 1.8.1.2 Methodological Contextualization …………………… 40-41 1.8.1.3 Appropriation of Multiple Methods …………………. 41-43 1.8.2 Research Universe …………………………………………… 43-44 1.8.3 Data Collection Method …………………………………….. 44 i. Secondary data ……………………………………… 44-45 ii. Primary Data ………………………………………… 45 iii. Sampling Techniques ………………………………… 45-46 iv. Schedule ……………………………………………… 46-47 v ❘ P a g e 1.8.4 Methods of Data Analysis …………………………………… 47 i. Tabulation ………………………………………….. 47 ii. Case Study …………………………………………. 47-48 iii. Observation ………………………………………… 48 iv. Phenomenological Analysis ……………………….. 48 v. Netnography ………………………………………. 48 1.9 Chapterization of the Thesis …………………………………. 49 References ………………………………………………………… 50-53  CHAPTER II: YOUTH CRIME AND SOCIETY ……….. [54-110] 2.1 Youth Crime and Society …………………………………… 55 2.1.1 Global Perspective of Crime and Criminal Behavior among Youth … 55-57 2.1.1.1 Judicial Approach to the Age of Youth ……………………… 58-60 2.1.2 Contradiction between the Age of Juvenility and Youth Crime … 60-61 in India and a Global Perspective 2.1.2.1 Minimum Age of Culpability of Youth Crime …………………. 61-63 2.1.2.2 Alternative Non-Judicial Approaches to Youth Crime ……….. 63-64 2.1.2.3 Significance of Age …………………………………………… 64-65 2.2 Social Construction of Youth and Crime ………………….. 65-66 2.2.1 The Social Construction of Social Youth and Criminal Youth …. 66-67 2.2.1.1 The Contradiction between Juvenile and Adult Criminality …. 67-69 2.2.1.2 Negotiating Crime for Distinguishing Identity ………………. 69-70 2.2.1.3 Demonizing Youth …………………………………………… 71-72 2.2.2 Social Construction of Youth Crime ………………………… 72-74 2.2.3 Criminal Carrier of Youth ……………………………………. 74-76 2.2.3.1 Reoffending/Persistent Offending …………………………… 76-78 2.3 Crime and Social Stratification in India …………………… 78-82 2.3.1 Caste and Crime …………………………………………….. 82-86 2.3.1.1 Occupational Inequality and Crime in the Caste Structure …… 86-89 2.3.1.2 Paradox of ‘Casteist’ Criminality in India …………………… 89-90 2.3.1.3 Caste-based Structural Criminality in India …………………. 90-92 2.3.2 Class and Crime …………………………………………….. 92-93 2.3.2.1 The Transformation of India's caste Population into a Class …. 93-95 Population and the Emergence ofProperty Crime 2.3.2.2 Occupational Structure and Class-based Crime ……………… 95-98 An Analysis of Corruption in India 2.3.2.3 Growing Informal Sectors as a Source of Crime in India …….. 98-101 2.3.2.4 The Political Economy of Crime in Indian Class Structure …… 101-105 References ……………………………………………………………. 106-110  CHAPTER III: STATE, CRIME, AND THE YOUTH ……. [111-145] 3.1 State Corporate Criminality and Youth ………………………… 112-113 3.1.1 Conceptualizing State-Corporate Crime ………………………… 113-114 3.1.2 Institutionalization of Youth Crime……………………………… 114-115 3.1.3 Record, Un-record, and Conviction of Youth Crime and Criminality 116-118 3.1.4 Space Between Arrest and Judicial Proceeding …………………. 118-121 vi ❘ P a g e 3.2 Illicit Drugs, Deviance, and Youth Crime ……………………. 121-123 3.2.1 Drug Deviance and Non-deviance ……………………………. 123-124 3.2.2 Drug Addiction, Deviance, and Criminality …………………. 124-126 3.2.3 Class and Drug Abuse ……………………………………….. 126-131 3.2.4 Translating Drugs into Deviance and Criminality …………… 132 3.2.5 Criminalizing Drugs …………………………………………. 133-140 3.2.6 Costing of Drugs and Youth Crime ………………………… 140-142 References …………………………………………………………. 143-145  CHAPTER IV: YOUTH CRIME AND GENDER …………. [146-176] 4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………… 147-148 4.2 Gender and Crime ………………………………………….. 148-150 4.2.1 Revisiting Patriarchy and Crime …………………………… 151-152 4.2.1.1 Power, Patriarchy, Gender, and Crime ……………………….. 151-154 4.2.2 Governing through Gendered Crime ………………………. 154-158 4.2.2.1 Criminalization of Genders: Configuring Trans, Female, ….. 158-160 and Male in Crime 4.2.2.2 Feminization of Sex Crime …………………………………… 160-163 4.3 Crime and Young Women ………………………………… 163-165 4.3.1 Gender Dimension in Young Women's Offending …………… 165-166 4.3.1.1 Sexuality and Crime under the Purview of Gender ………….. 167-169 4.3.2 Sexual Division of Labor and Determining Young Women's Crime 169-170 4.3.3 Contextualizing 'Sex Crime' in Young Women's Body ………… 170-172 4.4 Conclusion …………………………………………………. 173 References 174-176  CHAPTER V: SOCIAL IMPLICATION OF YOUTH ……. [177-232] CRIME IN THE STUDY AREA 5.1 Demographic Data and Information of Respondents ………… 178 5.1.1 Educational Background of Respondents …………………….. 178-180 Table No. 7: Distribution of Respondents Based …………… 179 on the Educational Background 5.1.2 Significance of Age …………………………………………… 180-183 Table No 8: Age and Sex Categorization of Respondents …… 181 5.1.3 Marital Status and Youth Crime ……………………………… 183-184 Table No 9: Categorization of Respondents based on Marital Status … 183 5.1.4 Significance of Occupation and Income in Youth Crime and …….. 185-187 Criminal Behavior Table No. 10: Nature of Occupation and Income ……………………… 185 Pattern of Respondents 5.2 The Correctional Home and Plight of the Inmates ……………. 187-188 5.2.1 Administration ………………………………………………… 188-190 5.2.2 The Role of Public Prosecutors ………………………………… 191-192 5.2.3 Health and Sanitation ………………………………………….. 192-193 5.2.4 Cooking and Fooding ………………………………………... 193 5.2.5 Foreign Incarcerated …………………………………………… 193-196 vii ❘ P a g e 5.2.6 Female Block ……………………………………………….. 196 5.2.7 Children and Mothers in the Home ………………………… 197 5.2.8 Library ……………………………………………………… 198 5.2.9 Recreational Activities ……………………………………. 199-200 5.3 Analysis of Crime and Criminal Behavior of Respondents …… 200 5.3.1 Nature of Crime …………………………………………….. 200-202 Table No. 11: Distribution of Respondents Based on the ……. 201 Nature of Crime 5.3.2 Nature of Reoffending ………………………………………… 203-204 Table No. 12: Distribution of Respondents Based on the …….. 203 Nature of Reoffending 5.3.3 Motivational Context of Youth Crime and Criminal Behavior …. 204-207 Table No. 13: Categorization of Respondents Based on ………. 204 Motivational Source of Crime 5.3.4 Space and Youth Crime ……………………………………….. 207-210 Table No. 14: Categorization of Respondents Based ………… 207 on Space of Crime Incidence 5.3.5 Legal Awareness of Youth Criminal …………………………. 210-211 Table No. 15: Classification of Respondents Based on ……… 210 the Awareness of the Legal Consequences 5.3.6 Victimization and Youth Criminality ……………………….. 212-213 Table No. 16: Classification of Respondents Based on ……. 212 Victim Connection 5.3.7 Sense of Regret in Youth Criminality …………………….. 214-215 Table No. 17: Classification of Respondents Based on …… 214 the Context of Regret 5.3.8 Crime Nature and Peer Connection ………………………. 216-218 Table No. 18: Classification of Respondents Based on ……… 216 Crime Nature and Peer Connection 5.4 Major Findings …………………………………………………. 218-223 5.5 Cybercrime and Youth ……………………………………….. 224-230 5.6 Conclusion ………………………………………………………. 230-231 References …………………………………………………………… 232  CHAPTER VI: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION …….. [232-257] 6.1 Introduction …………………………………………………. 234-235 6.2 Summary ……………………………………………………. 235-251 6.3 Conclusion …………………………………………………. 252-255 6.4 Recommendations ………………………………………….. 255-256 References ………………………………………………………….. 257 Bibliography ………………………………………………………. 258-266 Annexures viii ❘ P a g e