:;.1. X-ray D!:t':f?r2ction end 'Bi-rf!fringenee ~tudies on 

PCCPP, PO'fl? and PEBA. 

'1'$ ba~~ det€:rmined order parameters .from X-ray 

diffraction studies ~md also from 'bi-re·fringenee meaoure­

ments fo!l some compounds having nematic pba~e. '!~be. nam_ea, 

structural formUlae and tran£li t:lon temperatures are 

given bel.ow 

X~~~ 5•( 4' •- n-Pcn tyl. crycl ohe:!:yl. )-2-( 4 '-Cy~nophenyl )­

·l?Jrl"imidine ( PCOPP ].n- ehort). 

111- c. H ~)---<0'>- c N . 5 II tf ..___.. 

Isotropic 

c.N 

Nematic Isotropic 

IIl:i' p.-n-.Propo~y banzy.lidene-p-.n-butyla::'liline 

(l?DBA in short) 
. CH -Cl·h_ 

C:H- I 2 

H ?J c" . A--®- ~ N ----0}---C H:z.. \c H..::, 
CH~C H"2.. 

.Solid l'iematia isotropic 



rrhe samples I and II was supplied by r~/th F.Hoffmann 

La-Hoche & co. ~n the purified form and eample Ill by 

.Prof. M. Wada of Tohoku Univerai ty, Japan. The aample It! 

(PBBA) bas a su.percobling wa1.J.-be:Llow tho room tern;peraturetll 

Texture Study ...... . ~~ 
A polarizing microscope with ~ae;ni:fioation 150X 

Gql~ipped with a. hot stage haE,:; been used to examine the 

mel tin6 behaviour of the liquid erJr~rtal. so The tra.nsi tion 

temparat'IU"e and SU1'H3X"eool.iug ret~io!ls 'found thereof' are as 

stated earlier. Under cross. polarising miorosoope different 

pba.aes were tried to ident:tfy. Nematic thread like textures 

are obtained in case of sample II and !!I and ·tbrcad ~ike 

textures with inversion 1ino was obtained for the oample x. 

x-ray 4ii:tfraotion photographs of tbe sruaple~S were 

taken at different temperature·in presence of' magnetic 

field using nickel :f:U tered crura radi!ation of A::; 1.S41aB. 

The temperatures were measured and regtllated with an aceu­

reH!.f of ! o.,s"o with the help of a temperature oontroJ.ler 

( lndotherm 401 ) It '!'he eY.parirnental aet up, techniques end 

procedure for analysing X-ray diffraction photographs ha~e 

&ready been discuseed in the previous obapter. The samples 

were heated to isotro~io state and a magnetic field of about 

o •. sa Tesla wG-s applied to it. After the megnetie field is 

stebiJ.imed, tbe aample was allowed to cool slowly to tbe 



aesi:r.ed t€mpa:re:tutre in t~he n.eroatic atat0t end the X-re.~ 

photographs we~~ then tak.en~ J\~l tba photograph!! of ali~ned 

aamplGa v..tere tteanned cireularly and linearly V!i·tb the belp 

of s densitometer (VF.:B Cerl-Zeise Jena, Mi.erodenei tometr~~r 

!iof:lel - 100). Th(! c.ptic!ll. d tmsi tie~ w~re eon\"'erted to X_-ray 

1nten1Ji tj.es and orie11ta.t1onal order parameters we!'e eal.cu.­

lated vti th the help of cooop1\ter p:rogram dettt'iloped b,y U.Bo 

The p.botographs of the a.li£:1'it'ffi eamplee at d:'i.iferent tem­

perature distine~.y indicate the presence of nematic 

The avera.gf;J itltarmoleoular distance (:0) and tha a:ppa.rer1t 

molecular .~ength (l) have been cal.Qulated by using ·tne 

procedure ~ ... l.ready .atatea in Chapt. II.' variation of n 
and l with tempe~ature ie sbown in Fig. $.4 - :;.6 $ With 

the he~p o;f stereo mod~ t.t.~it {Prentiee Hall :rnot'ltlest 

tl'yaok. New York) tbe POEJSible cc;)nf·ormatioru~ for the eamples 

were constructed and the molecUlar l.engtba (L) in their 

most extended f'orm were :found t~ be 21 R, 20.4 R, and 2o.sR 
respaotively• The average apparent molecular length of tbe 

oriented samples :!ts determined from the inner ring ot the 

X.~ray diffraction photo{::,"l"aphs are 26e24 R, 26•2 R and 22 I 
rf.lspectively. ~able 3 •. 1 shows the. eompariaon of J. end . L 

Val.ltE~s. · The ratio of' l to L e.r.e 1 o25 and 1 .28 for 

sa.mpl ee PCOP1? and PCTP. !his may lJe due to the local. ~trong 

bi-molecular saeoc1a:tions due to higb dipole momentso The 

aas&ciation is assumed to be an overlapp:Lng head to t::\il 



/~ . \. 

IJ· ;,, 
.. \ .1' 

-------~------~--------------

PllBA 

21 

20.4 

20.5 22 

---------~-----------------·-

ni3tur~ navi!.l@ a te.ndi,:moy t~J l<>asl·l.ayer formation·~ ~imilar 

l!'eaul:ta have bee.::1 :fot1nd J.n other Jtel:n3ti oe t-3 • 

... -................ . 
, . 

For the three sa~plea the normalised orienta:tionml distri-

bution :ft:m.otion, f( ~ ) :e were eal otils.ted uaing t.he pro ce­

dure deseri bed earlier. Tba order pa:t:~a,m::te:t• ·vaJ. ue~ (P2') 

and <P4 ';? weret a.lfio ca:bcult+.;ted. Tab~e :;.2 .... 3.10 eb,ow the 

detail. Valtlea of the oamp:bes for intensity I ( 41 ) 1 cal cu­

l.ated intensity ·x ( 't ) end nor!ll~ised liif:!t1"i'bution :t ( P ) 
a.t difi'erent temperatures. The Fi{1• '3.7, :3i.B and ;;.9 show 

thG plot of f ( 0 ) vs ~ at different t~mperatures. 

The proceclure f'or caleUJ.ating < P2> 
values have W.ready been describ~d-'• The ..()12 > 

and < P4) 

and <Py 
from ·tbe cli!ltributian 



function with Va1nste1n approzimationa and. wi tb 1se~clbett0rs" 

appl;'o:Zimatione. Fig. :;.10 - 3.12 show the vtn."intion of 

vat u~s wi tb teCJperatare determined 

The procedure for measuring th~ refractive indices 

(n
0

, n
6

) Rnd tlenf.li ty l1ave alrea.dy bmen c1esoribed. Th$ ref­

ractive indices (n
0

• ne) of tbe three compounds a.t diffe­

rent temperature and for dif'ferant wave lengths e::txii~ifeRa:t 

e-re given in Ta't~lo 3.11 - 3.1:5 reapf:1otivaly. Fig. :3.15 - :;.15 

ahowa 'the variation of (n
0

o n
0

) with temperatures :f'or 

different wa:ve.lengthe for the compounds and ~i'ig. 3.16 - '3.18 
A'?1 shows t!1e ·va:d.Htio:n of LJ with the wavelength ~£ the 

samples l,; Il and Ill :respectively. The principal. polariza-

·oili ties ( f?Co , o<k_ ) f~z: ·from re:fl"acr~i ve indelt data were 

ca.l.cW.ated by uf.ling both Y'uk~ s to:r.mulB and 1;;-eueebauer~ s 

aal cuta·ted by using the rela'M.on 

Haller' r;4 e~tra.polation procedure 

From bond polari za'b.ili ty v.al tles the mean Polarize.-

bi:J.i ty ~ and o<,, .. ~ was cal cuJ.a ted Uf;ting the va.k uee 

given in t·h~ paper by Le Feve.res•S•6 and 'by r;~·nmu:r and. 

Toraee7 • The l.·eeul.ts are g!vc~n in Table 3.20. 



---------------------~~----­• 
( V'(,, - o<L ) s 1024 cm11 ' Sa~pl.e • oe_ ~ 1024 Cf!i.r; 

t , 
i~o. ,.. ... ..., ....... , ............... -- ~. - -- IHIIill .. _,.,. ~ .... - ....... ~ .... .,..._. ~ ..., ......... ..., --

. :catoulate6 vulr.•s/ ·~ t;alculated : T:Ialler•s : Haller•• 
~from boni :Ueusebau.er~ fr~m. bond . . • Pl"ll.cese ' pro ceee 
::paJ..artza- • approach. ' polart:sa.biit'' (trut•e iatai (l'eugebauel 
rbili'ty . : :. J.:7:ty. . : t 4e.tt\) 
' • f 

..,_ - ~ ~ ..... .,... .. - ... .,..,. ..... - ............. f!RA" ... .. ~ <:ia CJbo "- ...,. ................. -. ......... ,... .. -

:r. 44.56, 21.74 arr.oo 21.J2 

x::r 47.21. 32.16 40 .. 02 S2eSO 

J.XX. ,e.aa ~6.02 1-9.75 28.00 19.00 

-----------·-~---~---------------· 

~ 1' 5 . 
~·-·1'-r.t . ( P.L >. V~lluea ob·Cainet1 :trom 

,,..... _,._.lilt ·~._.,...t s '" r•q~......,.S''ffl*ll!' 

The artentationsJ. order pa.ra.me·ters of the comtH>lmda 

ob_tained from )~-roy clitfraction anc1 1:>i-re·fri~ge.n oe methode have 

been compared witb the Meier-saupe (M$} thc~~n·~:~tit~-~1.1.. vallxes. t.!~he 

sMpl..Eta l'OCPP and PC~P are breeking at bi~be.r te:npera.tu:::es so 

~l~l~:l! expBi'ime~ntal.· resUlts at higher temperature i.e .. near the 

t~ansition temperature ftre n~~ avBilab.Le. 

:l:be ,{ 1? 2 > v~.ues o\ttained f!mm X-~m, and R.l •· jata are in well 

::agreement, but bpth' the v~nee are. mi<~htl¥ l.ower tb•n w.~. 

t11eo:r·eti-cml. vaJ..ues tl'Ulinly· in the hi.gber temperature near the 



-tranai ~1m1 poin·t. Tbi.n typa of roBul ts have ~{Lready been 

reporteu8•9 • Tbtt < e4 ) valta.ee from X-tlay deta is lov1er 

'!;han that of u.fJ. theora·tical values "'bieh al r;o obtained 

· b7 aruiy others a1.so1o-1' • 

Ssmpl.le I~ ( PcTP · 

~he COl!p&rison at < P.z > "fal usa determined -by :x .. re.y 

and n.:t •. eetho4s wi tb. x.s~~~ tbeoretical vaJ.uee are r;;bown !n 

Pig. -'·"af• .All the v~.J. uee shows a good ag~aeruent.. Curior.u~.ly 

enough. <P4 7 . •elues tr0'1l x-ray data t:J.so agreed well wi·th 

tbe x.s. val.uee tor tbie AJample. Repeatatio.n of the e:tper:l.-· 

men to oanti.ra · this. 

fbe order paraeeter ya~u&s of the compound PBBA 

are eoapa:ret.t with that obtained by different worke:r.~a o:f.' 

Gur la.boJ.'ator,.14-16 tor other Sebifft tt baee eompounc1a 

namely EB:SA-, APAPAt- BBBA and M:BBA. The <_ P2 ) va.1..uea 

of PBBA obtained from different methode viz. X-r~y. R.!. 

a.re in good agreement with u.so theore·tioel valuen like 

all other .Sobiffta bane compound$ a.a shown in Fie• 'JJ2C.'• !be 

.( P4 ) Yaluee are signif'ieantl7 :lower a~ all. tet:tpere,ture 

than the ·-theoretical. valuee (Fte;. '~~) .. Sit~i.tar discrepancy 

has already been obeerved b7 otnere1D-1'. 



., . 
i. 

·- :.··· 

For . Gll. _the three compounds 1 t has be0il foun(l the.t the 

experimental fletermini!tions o·t order paramet~r both by X-ray 
. - .. ' . . 

and R.I • measuz•en:H3l\tO agree Well e X.oept .n~ar the tranei-
_. ' --

tion ·tempe:J'~tu:res •.. Bu.t asreement witn:': (M.B.) theoitetical 

vaJ.ues are not the same in .:t al:L ·caaee. ~his· ·may b_e due 

to the f'$ct t!lat se~eraL· typef!! of :Lntermol eoular forces 
- . ' ' . 

·. (s~~~ .as dipQle-uipole• int~raetiorul'i- are not conmdered 

in· 'tha· M•~s. theory •. , ilttt ·see ·-molec~ar· aesoo:tatiGne ·in all. 

tbe. three eases. In- P<lOl'P tba ·.ra.tfo-'o,t·-1./.b. is l..ergar than 
- -. ' - ~ . . ." - :; 

the_ other two·- compounds.- It ~ts $·· ey·ano compt)und. :$1ld dipol.~ 
-· ' -~ . . . - - . - . 

. . - . 
tio.na• But pa.irs: of mol.eoules are_ not pitral.lel a.o 1.s 

evi.dent from- Fig·. 4•6• .Ri(rid- part ·o:f. -·on-e. pair has. fle~ibles 
:.:·. .. - . -· -

~. · .pa~te :of-- the othett m~e~uiat' 'lH:iir:·$ff' ~-te nearest neighbour 

:. tz!he -"~~~ :~~f·_::tbe riei~· p:a~t ·an~. 1a1·e· fl_·exibl ~ part~ are not . 
- . . 

, par_ail el -(Fits. 4.6) • !:his miy oausQ··lowerinS o.( tna· orde:t 
·. - " - . 

- - ·, ·. 
'\.. . · . 

. . , 

· .. , 
~ •• I_ 

- ,:-

,;-· 

. ' 



~Aff.JE S.2 
•••a·t·1~ 

Experimental intenei ty val.uea I( '¥) at differ<:nt 
temJ)erature after background correction~ 

\ 

........................................................... - -- ~ ....... oWIW ,._ a. .... ..., -- 4l!lA ~ ..., ....., ~ ~ ~ ~ .... , ..... ljulal 

' t • ' $ ' ' • ' ' 

Deg.J379e5' ,79•5 1 )67•5' ,96 ·' 411.5 • 41~l.!f 426 ' 440 ' 4:;3 • 449 
' f rl • t ' ., ' .• ' ' res, 

---~-----------~--~------------------
0 

5 

10 

15 

25.0 

22.7 

19.9 

16.1 

25 8.2 

;o e.2 
35 4.'6 

40 2.9 

45 1.6' 

so o.6 
55 o.a 
50 0 

55 0 

70 0 

75 0 

0 

0 

0 

10.4 10.75 s.2, 
9e75 10.15 7e60 

a.2s a.9s 6.75 

51.0 46·00 30.?5 18.00 26 ,4.00 

48.5 44.6J 29.25 17.25 24·~.50 32.$ 

44e25 41.00 -27o2$ 15.6S .22.00 · :;o.so 
,8.25 '35.~5 2,.6:; 14.-oo ~1 .• r15 2s.oo 7.25 

4.65 4.45 ,.80 26.5 22.25 17.'39 9o83 15.00 2Ge75 

.,.25 S.20 2.75 20.'75 16.SO 11Q88 9.10 10~2~ 16.75 

2.35 2.,, 1.95 15.25 1~.1' a.,s 6~25 1.25 1'900 

1.60 1.60 

o.9o o.9o 
0.25 o.,, 
o.os 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1.25 

0.10 

o.35 

7·55 8.6, 
4.75 6.1, 

2e75 4.1:3 

3.29 

s.oo 
o.1o o.; 2.65 1.sa 1.1, 1~75 

o o 1··'' 1 ~3o o.so 1.50 

0 0 1.00 C.6J 0.25 0~75 

0 0 0.6J 0.25 0.01 Oe50 

o o o.,e o o o.25 
0 

0 

0 

0 0 .• 25 

0 0 .• 25 

0 0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

() 

0 

0 

10.25 

1.50 

0.75 

0.25 

0 

0 

0 

0 

·---------------~--------------------



j2_ 
,. 

1!.1\J)L ~ ~ "t. 
:EZI$4! , .. ~~ 

r,amp~$ - 1,. Cal. cul at eel ir~ tensity VP-'..1 ues I( lJ1 ) at different temperatures. 
---~---·--------------------------------------~-----• • t t l '· ! t • f 
(Deg•, "310.5 • :579.5 ' '387.5 • ;s96 t 411.$ I 418.5 426 II 43, • 440 ' 449 
ree} • ' ' ' ' ' ' ; 

' -- ..-.- «at ._, -- - -. -- - ... ...,.. S'$ 

------~----~--------------------------
0 24.609 10.266 10.6"'17 8.029 50.6"19 46·0'0 ~041559 29".469 17.878 3'3.:;76 
5 23.'345 9.752 10.207 1.1.,6 48.962 44.6tf;i 29,712 24.838 1?.';14 32.81S 
10 20.012 8.440 8.964 6.953 44.2$8 40e~870 '27.:;64 2:5.026 15.9'11 '30.92:5 
15 15.725 6.s;' 7.,49 5e901 ,8 .. ,299 35.2:34 23.989 20.26 1'3.801 28.021 
20 11.6'' 5.44t)' 5.760 4.796 ,2.198 28.697 20.102 16.865 11.?'4 24.455 
25 . 8.408 4.538 ·4.41•3 3.162 26.,354 22.229 16.104 ·1:;:.·s11 9 .• 815 20.611 
30 6.0S7 ,.411 3.J14 2.824 20.520 16.569 12.288 "9.945 a.os1 16.826 
:;s 4.357 2.496 2.375 1.978 14.591 12.052 s.9o9 7•106 6 ... 360 1:5.,22 
40 2.916 1.579 - 1.546 1.249 9.049 e.614 .6.1SO 4.956 4.725 10.194 
45 1.671 0.?.94 o.as:; 0.68' 4.,,, 6.076 4.194 ,.471: ,.210 ·?.456 
50 0.'128 0.273 o.,5? o.,o9 ·1.8'35 4o141 2.854 .2.493 1.998 5ca11 
55 0.157 0.035 o.ova o.-toa 0.524 2.&89 1.94' f.B?.t 1.102 3.185 
60 -o.oss -0.011 -o.o24 o.o26 0.150 '1•656 1.258 ,.,02 o.s,o 1.714 

·65 -o.o54 o.o14 -0.028 o.oo' 0.1'35 0.979 o.?o9 0.866 o.21' 0.122 

10 0.014 o.o35 -0.·004 0 0.1-44 O·.~?S o-.394 o.so9 o .• o62 0.171 

75 o.o48 o.oas o.o1o -o.oot 0·.086 o.,48 0.066 CJ>.243 ~o.oo4 -o.o.,s 
eo o.o:Jo o.oo4 o.ooa ·-0.002 -o.oO? 0.226 .o.o2a o.o?1 -o.oo9 -o.o4:5 
as -o.oo9 -0.019 ·o -0.002 -o.oas 0.165 .-o.-4-' -0.021 -o .. ooa o.o22 
90 -o.oav. -o.o2a -o.oos -o.oo' ·•0.115 0.14? -o.o39 -o.oso •• o.oos o.o5'· 
... ------- ..... - .... ~--- ....................... ~ ... .-. ......... --- .... -. _.... ... 4iiliit· ... ~ ............ ......... ·~ ... ·.-~ ,.. ........ ~- ...... ~ .... _.., 



({V 
bpori11ental. intensity Values 'I( t' ) at dif!~:e$!!.t 'te~pe:rature~;~ ~;rter bn;ckground · 
correction. 

----~----~---------~------------------- -~--~-~~ ---• ·• t • ' 't . •: 9 ,. ·, t 

(Deg-: 407.5' 415 : ·422.25: U9,.5 ' .,, ' 440 : 448 : 45'3.5 : 460.5 f 467 •. $ : 474.5 
ree ) • ·• ' t ' · ' · ~ · · • i ' · ' 
••. f· ' •.• t. f •. t t 

.a-- ......... .,.. ,...., '- ........... ~ .....,.· ........... ~ - ........ '~ ... -- ~ ....... '1M!' .,. ................................ -- ....... ~ ........................ -- .... _. .-. .... ..... 

0 

·5· 
10· 
15 
20 
25 

'0 's 
40 

·45 
·50 
55 
60 ,, 
70 
'lS 
80 
95 
90 

16.•60 45.00 ' 20 .so 
15.50 .,.oo 19.40 
1"3.50 ,?.50 '16.65'' 
10 .. 9 ,3.5 '1,.00 
7.9 . 25.0 10.20 
5.60 19.0 '7.45 
,.eo 1,.; ·;.;.s 
2 .so s .s :s·.as 
1.,0 6.25 ,.oo 
o.so 
0.50 
o.so 
Oe20 
0.14~), 

0.10 

0 

0 
0 
0 

4.5 
2.5 
1.75 
1e0 
1.0 
o.s 
0.25 
0 
0 
0 

2.05 
1.40 
1.05 o.,, 
o.!SS 
o.25 
o.15 
0.10 
Oe05 
o· 

. '17.0· 
'16.0 
'14.3 
'12.2 
·9.6 
?·.t ·s., 
::>.e 
·a.e 
·1.9. 
1'.4 
1·.o 
0.1 
o.4 
o.,.:;, 
0.2 
o-.1 
0 

25.'9 t 

24.6 
21.9 
18.5 
15.1 
11.; 

a•? 
6.0 

••o 
2.9 
2.2 
1 Ill: . • jl 

o.s 
1o1 
0 
o­
o 
0 
0 

:1o;.so 
28.:55' 
26.45 
22.20 
11'•GS 
t2.55 
9.55 
v·.oo 
5.20 
,.90 
2.90 
2.15 
1.40 
o.9o 
0 .. 60 
o.so 
0.10 
0 
o~ 

as.-oa 
24.~5' 

'22.25 
19.oa 
1s.;,s 
11-.66 
8o5' 
6.2:3 

~·72 
:>.75 
:;.oT 
2.49 
1.95 
1.o42 
Oo96 
0&55 
01§25 
o.o6 
0 

19.4 
18., 
15.7 
'13.2 
'10.& 
.a.2 
6.4 
4•8 
-;.a 
:;.o 
2'.10. 
1.4 
1.0 
Oo1 
Oif55 
~0.2:1 

16 .• 10 
15.20 
1,·.60 
12.00 
9.60 
a.1o 
&.60 
s.so 
4'.10 
,.10 
2.10 
1.50 
{).90 

0.20 

0 

0 
{) 

s.i 
s.1 
1·'3 

'·' s.s· 
4.4 
:;.; 
2.6 
:2.0 
1.5 
·1.2 
o.s 
0:.6 
o.4 
o.-2 

0 
0 

0 
0 

1'5·5 
12.9 
12.1 
11.0 
9~.1 

a·.a 
6.9 
;.6 
4.11J5 
'3.6 
2;.i6 

1o8 
1.1 
,o.5 

:0·' -o 
0 

0 
0 



-------~-~-~---~------,--~-------------------------• I I t t • ·f . .V 

(neg- , Jit : : , • ; , • • : · , _ _ 
rea) f 407.5, 415 • :422:$5 ·'429.5 • 4'5 • 440 • 449 , 45S.; • 460.5 , 467.5 • 474.5 

t ' ~ ~ 

.... ·~ ~ .-- .... '111M ~ - .... ~ ~ ..... ,.. ,._... .......... ~ ..... ~ ...... - .,... .,....,. .................. -. .,.. ....... ·- ....... - .......... -- .... -- .................... ~ .... ·- ·~ 

'0 

5 
10 
15 
.20· ., 
25 

'0 
35 
4to 
45 
50 
55 
60 
6S 
70 
75 
ao 
85 
90 

16.442 44.645 20.406 16.193 25.618 30.055 
1S.652 4,.0,1 19 a:590 16.167 2 •• 610 ~9.05.5·. 
15.546 ,$.582 16;.71·4 14.459 22.108 26•2% 
10 .• 755 ,2.'305 ' 1:5.26$ 12.089 18.612 ~2.110 

'f'.;95p 25.4~1 9.965 So 55 14.404 17.436 
i:aH~ t87iit -~t!! tt¥1• tJwt• *tzau 
5.-seo 18-.994 1_.328 7.227 11.470 ,,o016 ,.'7,2 '·'·'~a- ,.411 5.312 a.s2o 9.4,1· 
2.;,; 9.41 .. 1 4.o11 ~.8':;7 6-.11S 6.870 
1•400 6.,:549 ?'.923' 2.~41 4.260 ;.254 
Oaf/81 4.185 2-.059 1.947 2.924 l.947 
0•4:'' 2.'718 _1~407 ·1.,8 1.996 2.9?6 
0.211 1.tJs; -~a951 o.978 1.322 2.1,2 
o .• '\98 1.153 0.546 tJe69' 0.786 1 .• 428 
o.14a o.765 o.4,4 o.4-66 o.JGO o.s9' 
Oo096 0,.486 0.211 Oe296 0.075 0.522 , 

o.o.45 o.269 o.159 o.166 -o.os5 o.27a 
o.oo4 00102 Oo074 o.o?6 -0.061 0.122 
-1.02-o -o .ot~6 o.o23 o.o2~ -o.oa' o.o'34 
-0.028 -0.044 o.oo6 -u.oo2 o.oo5 

24.362 
22.244 
19e076 
15.351 
bfli 
11.666 
·8o535 
(5.22$ 
4.706 
3s747 
·3.076 
2.502 
1.949 
1.418 
o.941 
0.545 
0.250 
Of)069 

0.007 

18.,20 
16.075 
13.18? 
10.405 
-a~u 

8.136 
6.196 
5.009 
3.85f 
2.a,4 
2.045 
1.465 
1·.046 
0.'126 
o.466 
0.256 
0.100 
o,oo' 
-0.026 

15.920 

15·''' 
13.787 
11.765 
9.756 
•~m 
e.o24 
6.590 
5.,13 
4.145 
*3.01'1 
2 •. 157' 
1 .•. 421 

o.873 
o.4s9 
o.24o 
o.o9o 
o.:oo7 
-o.o'4 
-0.009 

• 8.45 
a.161 
7.412" 
6.403 
5.551 
·8X'B&I 

4.399 
,.4a2 
2.692' 
2.022 
1.499 
'•''115 
o.a29 
() •. 592 

.o.~s4 
0.211 

.,., I 

o~:os6 

o.oo9 
-o.os 
-o.o42 

1, • .,26 
1:S.0:50 
12.20'3 
11.001 ,_,,, 
8.206 
6.avs 
5.656 
4.541 
3.5,0 
2.602 
1.780 
1.097 
0.5~6 

0.254 
o.r//9 

---~----------~-----------------------------------



Y..ie:!-ln Inj:en q~ ·:;~ ~!~ .. J!!. ......... "( 
Bxpori~antal intenroity_ tct values l( lJI ) at different tempert'"·~u:ra$ 
from eomperati?@ aae.rt-. SITMPL r=-m 

--------------~---------------~ ..... ~ a . f 
t • " . ~ l • 

~ 

J)eg- : 296 : 'o' ' 'oa , '1' • ,,a ' :Sa' t t • 

0 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

:50 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85 

90 

' • 

6.01 &.19 

. 5~49 5.69 

4.70 4.70 

3.8, 4.1, 

2~JfJ ).35 

2.28 2.6., 

•J.-?3 2.03 

1oSO 1.54 

1.00 1.18 

0.79· Oe89 

0.61 0.65 

0.50 '0..45· 

o.~ o.:?o 
0.26 O(t19 

0.18 0.1:; 

oljl11 o.o7 
o.o5 o.o4 
0 0 

' 

5.0J 

4.46 
,.s, 
,.26 

2.66' 

2.01 

1.58 

1.14 

o.e4 
o.t>6 

0.50 

o.:;9 

0.28 

o.2:s 
0.17 

0.11 

o.o9 
o.os 

• 4 ., t 

4.92 

4 ... 57 

4.15 

'·'· ',.18 

2•71 

2.19 

1e8i 

1.41 

1.1, 

o.a1 
0.62 

o.47 
o.:sa 
n.21 

(J.13 

o.1o 
o.o:; 

0 

4.:82 

4e47 

4.04 

:5.5,. 

3.06 

2.55 

1.92 

1.59 

1.29 

1.05 

0.82 

,. (>463 

&.46 

0.28 

0.1$. 

o.Q9 

o .. os 
o.os 

4.50 

1.25 
,.89 

:i.41 

2.95 

2e50 

2.01 

1.i5 

1.'5; 

1.02 

o.eo 
'Oo'61 

o.4s 
0.35 

o.2G · 

o.19 

o.13 

Oe10 

•. 328 

' 

"3.67 

:;.,4 
2.9? 

2.61 

2.20 

. 1.S4 

1.52 

1.42 

1.G5 

a.es 
0.69 

o.51 
o • .,9 
o.22 

o.1a 
0.11 

o.o4 

--------------------------~-------



Men!) .• I.ntSID~:!t t,y VMU<l 

· Ual.eulateo inten~ity I ( lf' ) at different 

temperaian?es. t~m con:rpv,rQd GJ!Jcrt. SIHV1Pt.....f .. ill 

-----~-----~----------------~----• • . • • , t t 

Deg- ,., 493 ' ,0, a 7508 • ';1, ' '318 t ~25 ' 329 
8 .-. . ~- f ' t 

ree ., , ~- , , r • 

-----~--~---~--~------~--~------
0 

s 
10 

19 

20 

25 

so 
35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

6S · 

70' 

75-
.$0 

S5· 

-~Jt 
90 

6.269" 

6~06:5 

5.495 

4.696 

6.529 5.2,, 4.809 

6.292 5.04' 4.645 

5.66,; 4.5,4. . 4.217 

4.845• ,.87Q :5.668 

5.S21 4.022 3~202: ,.129 

2;994. 3.289 2.599 2.65S 

2•2ag a.64S 2.05' 2.2,1 

1 o727 a.o~/6 1.580 1 .• $27 

1.,02 

o.99' 
o.11' 
o.6t4 

o.4S9 

o.li76 

o.212 

0.115 

0~95 

0~04?. 

8¥iifl2 
0~()2, 

1o512 1.161 1.443 

1.1S9 o.s:Ja 1.1os 
o.aso o.G22 
o"G.29 o.4se 
o.46a 0•'397 

o.,!5 o.,1 __ 5 

o.2c9 o.2~4 

o.119 o.1"1 
0•156 o.1~6 

0~02.1 Ot073 

i'¥d:h 
o~o1o o.o63 

o.a,4 
o.,29 
.0.~70 

o • .,,7 
o.224 

o .. 1:!Ja 

O~OGG 

o.oa7 

4.972 4.626 ' 4.052 

4.849 4.526 

4 .. 515 4.250 

4.051 759857 

,.961 

Se710 

~.,s; 

3v5'-G ~.406 2•959 

5.012 2.942 2.568 

2.488 2.436 2.205 

2.011 2.050 1.675 

1.600 1.650 1.579 

1.290 1oJ04 1 .• ,16 

'1·.020 

o.a1s 
o • .;s' 
o •. 4ss 
o .• 295 

o.t7o 
o.ose; 
o.o4o 

1.022 

o.aoo 
0.624 

0.479 

Oe554 

Oo2S2 

o.175 

Oc.129 

1.083 

o.e'l7 
o.690 

0.521 

o.370 

0.151 

o.o94 

o.o74 



E~ormali sed di:;;;"tri bution function f( ~ ) at ditferent te:~'iiperatures. SAf'1PLc-l 

--,----------~------------------------------------
. w f ( ~ ) a~~ temperature in °K - . . 

Deg ... ·~ • ._ ....... ~ ~ o-. ,..,. -.. ~ -- .... ..,.. ..... ... - ... ...... ~ ..... ... ... - -- ... _. , .... ~ ....... ~ .. ._ ..... ~ w. -.s .... _ ... ._. .... -*' ............ ~ 

ree ' :;7o.s & 379.5 ~ '87.5 ' 396 ' 411.5 • 418.5 ., . 426 ' 43' ' 440 ·• 448 
t If ·e t t t t· t , ' 

--------------------------~------------------------
0 12c499 11 a045 10.,625 wf.76?J 9.590 8..160 5.696 9.oo:s 5.54 s~:;Gs 

5 11.752 10.241 10.045 3e055 8oS96 '7.8:54 6.255 7.899 6.046 5.454 
10 9.785 8.437 8.5)5 8.457 6.549 6.977 7o51,. 5.810 7.1.,2 5.543 
15 ·1 .,290 6s'325 6@641 7.861 4.899 s.a47 1.942 4.:324 1·4'1 5.262 
20 5.009 4.589 4.et-s9 5o909 4.065 4.672 6.249 ,.742 5.649 4.442 
25 ;.:;41" ,.410 3.542 . :;.729 :;.801 3.518 ,.724 '3.612 -,.,as 3.-,77 
30 2.277 2.661 2.595 2.293 3.,582 2.622 2.052 3.42' 1.972 2.484 
35 1.615 2.103 1-.905 1.588 2.844 1.837 1.326 2.506 1.42:5 1.911 

40 1.134 1.506 1.,21 1.248 1.654 1.2,9 1.106 '1o,81 1.361 1.570 
45 0.706 o.s2a 0.780 0.921" 0,.691- 0.816 1.047 0.672 ttS.427 f.291 

50 ' o.:;56 0.296 o.S51 o.48e ·o.2SS 0.5,1 Oe859 o."J?6 1.169 o.94:5 
55 o.1o9 0.062 09112 0.141 0.033 o • .,,g 0.495 _0.294 o.S16 0.556 
60 0 • 0 o.o25 o.o29 o.2os O.IO:i 0.270 0·7'' '0.262 

65 0 0 0 o.oo3 0.014 0.120 0·078 o.239 o.o43 o.1o9 
70 0 0 0 0 o.oos o.o65 o.o4 . 0.140 0.'()14 o.o47 
15 0 0 0 0 o.oo6 o.o,4 o.o,4 o.oll o.o.a o.ua:z 
ao 0 0 0 0 o.oos o.o19 0 a.o1' 0 0 

B5 0 0 0 0 0 o.o1.2 0 0 0 0 

90 0 ·o 0 0 0 0.011 0 0 Q 0 

-------------------------------~------------------



!ADLE 3.9 S8 
.. ple :u. 

BoraEUiaed diutribution function 'f( f.> ) a't different templ!.lraturea. 

----------------------------~-----------------~---
Deg- :_ - - - g 1 t l !!t .!eap!fr!);t,!lrj! !n_ og - - - - - -; - - - - - - - - '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

• • t ' ., • • • f 
:ree , 407.5 , 415' • 422.5 • 429.5 , 433 • 440 , 44B , 453.5 f 467·5 , 474.5 

' . -.... --- .. ------- ............. _r __ <'_--- ..... ------..---- .-.------- ~--- ... - .-.- .. 
0 17.652 '12.787 14.989 11.908 8.274 11-511 10.642 12.:S85 10.44., 10.:S41 
5 14.026 10.6'0 12.,62 10.09'3 s.:;o6 9.710 a.9,7 10.,06 8.686 9.515 
10 8.150 6.8;6 ?.754 6.801 e.u2 6.609 5.935 6.626 5.614 5.411 
15 4.602 '4.506 4.76'3 4.567 7.1,8 -4.466 4.013 4.216 :;.665 '3.542 
20 . 5.702 -'3.66? ,.527 ,.650 5.,.,, .. ,.589 :;.:;46 8.25:5 2.990 2 .. 994 
25 ::?.66, ·3.642 ,.188 :;.444 ;;.542 .. ,.391 ,.,56 3.079 3.070 :5.2'31 
30 .:;.509 :;1.510 2.9,0 3 .. 186 2.245 .,.125 :;.241 2.985 '3o851 ,.497 
'35 ·2.344 2.528 2.182 2.,,4 1.514 -2.279 2.,67 2.!69 2o7?7 2.867 
40 0.0982 ·1.258 1.21' 1.2?2 1.126 .1.252 .1.246 1.418 1.734 1.626 
45 0.,24 0.522 o.;so 0.605 0.866 0~616 .0.597 0.7,, 0.907 0.770 
50 0.128 · o.zs' o.,,, 0.,,2 0.610 .o.~6o fl:¥ilf& hJ&i b~i tn~· o.549 o.425 0.516 0.428 
55 o.os' Oe1SO 0.2,1 o.2!i' 0.358 o.295 0.323 o.,32 o.;a2 o.349 
GO o.oe4 . 0.175 0.218 0.249 0.177 0.305 0.412 0.326 0.'337 0.'379 
65 o.oas 0.162 0.196 0.230 Oe083 o.279 0 .. 478 0.298 0.257 Oe366 
70 o.o57 . o.o94 ().11B 0 .. 141 0 .. 04:5 0.154 0.317 0.190 0.119 0.202 

75 0.019 o.o29 0.042 o.oso 0 o.046 0.101 o.o64 o.oso 0.054 
80 o.oo4 Oe006 o.o11 0.013 0 0.010 0.021 o.o16 o.oo5 0.010 

85 0 o.oo2 a.oo:; o.oo4 0 o.oo3 o.oo5 o.oo5 0 0 
90 0 0 o.oo2 o.oo:; 0 o .. oo2 o.oo' - 0 0 

~--~----------------------------------------------



Sample III. 

Noreuilis~cl di8t:t•ibution ·function. :t ( ~ ) at 

different te~perature 

--------------------------------
' ( f ( ~ ) values at te!!P• (°K) . . 

Des~e~- ___ · _ ,._ _ ....:. _ .- _ .... ...,. 'f _ ~ _ . .., ____ .-.. __ , ___ _ 

, 2~a t :;o' • sos • '1' . )18 , 32' • :;26 ---------------------------------
0 

' 10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

'' 60 

65 

70 

15 
80 

85 

90 

9.7527 

. 8.272 

6.177 

'4.52' 

3.661 

s.26:i 

2.9~6 

2.096 

1.217 
0.722 

o.•61· 
o.,,, 
~369 

0.350 

0 • .250 

.0.122 

o.o4s 
o.o21 
o.o15 

9.6,7 a.166 a.;1s 6•621 

s.294 7.957 1.212 5~971 
' 

5.?90 6.196 ;.126 4.664 

4.02' 4.675 3.6,0 ~.652 

,.aaz -'•147 3,007 -~e148 

,.155 5.215 2.9,8 ,.017 

s.o5J 2.725 2.92e 2.s4a 

2.456 2.065 2•491 2.520 

1o532 '•'50 1.662 1e57' 

o.e,s oG616 o~974 o.9a1 
o.49S o.519 o.G11 o.6G7 

o.:ia2 o~'a:; o.479 o.sso 
o.358 o.J25 o.444 o~519 

Oe'319 o.2s1 o.~9' 0.456 

0.204 0.21' 0.259 0.298 

o. oe:s o ~ 1 Ja o .114 o .1 '3.5 

· Oe027 o.o74 o~o4o· o~e5o 

o.o1o o~o4S o.o16 o.o22 
o.ooT o.ct'1 o.a11 o._o16 

5.506 5.504 

. 5. 196 5. 11 :5 

4.4·89 4.260 

s.t7a4 3.47' 
'3.279 2.979 

2.928 2.704 

2.57' 2_.448 

2.10' 2.054 

1.568 1o560 

1.108 1.~29 

0.'795 o.sso 

0.492 0.616 

o.:;9o· o.e;o9 
0.2~79 0 • .,,2 

0.178 (;).198 

0.108 0.102 

o.o7"J o.o59 
o.o6':; o.o4s 

--------------~--~---------------



------~-------------~--------------
90 

107 

115 

123 

1,1 

1,9 

146 

15, 

160 

167 

1"/5 

181 

1.550 

1.55' 

1.5$7 

1.560 

1 a56o· 
1.56;; 

1.565 

1.56., 

1.567 

1.569 

1.575 

1.780 

1.778 

1.775 

1.551 

1.554 

1.557 

1.784 1.5$4. 1.790 1.557 

1.778 1·551 1~790 .1.562 

1.775 1$562 1.787 1.569 

1.8~2 

1.825 

1.775 1.55'1 1•'115 1e562 1.?84 1.-569 1.914 e69'3 

1e/70 1.559 1. 713 t.5G6 1. 780 1 .575 ~1 .a14 .681 

1.110 1.562 1.77?> 1.569 1~7~79 1.sso 1.aoa .663 

1.168 1.566 1.769 ·1.57:; 1.775 1.580 1,.796 sG5 

1."/6, 1.569 1e?67 1.57:; 1.774 1.5B7 1.79J o~22 

1.?6' 1.573 1.764 1.578 1.774 1.o589 1.793 .614 

1 .• 760 1.578 1.762 1.580 1.764 1.599 1.784 .. 582 

1.760 1.57S 1.'160 1.59-, 1.760 1.599 1~772 4)55 

188 1 o5~~0 1.750 1.59' 1.1$0 1$605 1.754 1.sao ·1.758 •?01 

195 1.5SO 1.748 1•580 1.748 1.605 1.748 1.605 1.748 .. 471 



-------------,------------------r- . ' ~ 

: 6907 i t 5780 :R ; 5461 j .: 4758 l 
~-n • t· .... ..... .,... .-, .. *--. ..... ...._. ... ..,. WI' .. .J. .., ... fiUio ... ._. ~ ..... ~ ... ~ ...... ...... .., ...- .... 

Jl;' --- I f t . • • 

in oa: ~ ' n• ~ no ' ne ~ no • ne • no • ne 

~------~---~------~---------------
12) 1.461 

1,5 1.461 

142 1.461 

149 ' 1.465 

1.759 't .477 1.776 1.477 1 ~782 1.4·95 1.·865 

1 .• 75':; 1.4·17 1.764 1.477 1.776 1.495 1.965 

1.747 .. 1.4?7 1.758 1.477 1.764 1~495 1.859 

1e.747, 1.478 1e759 1.477 1.764 1'o495 1.859 

'15'3 1.465 1.734. 1.4SC} 1.747 1.477 1~75f.3 1.495 1.847 

15'J 1.465 1.728. 1.486 1.747 1~477 1.758 1.495 1.847 

160 1.465 1.122· 1.486 1 .• 74 1·.477 1o75'3 1.495 1e845 

,,7 
175 

1S1 

1BS 

195 

202 

216 

1.46$ 

1.465 

1.474 

1.486 

1.492 

1.495 

1.498 

1·.722 

1.722. 

1.71J 

1.710 

1".701 

1.695 

1.69. 

1.4a6 1.727 

1.486 1.727 

1.4a6 1.725 

1.492 1.722 

1.4·95 1.719 

1.5Q1 1.71' 

1.504 1.710 

1.486 

1.489 

1.495 

1.495 

1.498 

1.504 

1.507 

1.7'37 

1.131 

1.?22 

1.719 

1.504 1.845 

1c-510 1.842 

1.516 1.B29 

1.519 1.824 

1~522 1"'820 

1o528 1.812 

1.S4 1.80'3 

222 1.501 1.6S$ 1.51· 1.707 1._51' 1.11:5 1.546 1.791 

2'2 · 1.54 1.5S1 1._555 1.599 

-----------------------------------



1' em p ~ 

(oc1 

1.~88 j 

1._586 

~-----

-, -

1 -.-'C) • J -,~ 

1 • s ~ :1 

1.C)c;t_; 

1.)6~ 

1. c:,7 3 

1.uu:..: 

H c 

:l • 77') 

1 
..,..., ... 

• ~ '1 

1.7 7 u 

1 ..., -·' . ., ... · 

1. ~\_.' 

j • • I :._2\,; 

-, - -

-'-

n. 
0 

1.s6o·-
1.~6o 

1.S62 

1.Sb6 

1 • ::;·· -1 

1 • :::; .su 

1.61:..: 

1.610 

n 
e 

1.792 

1. 7 88 

1."783 

t-'7 '7 6 

1 • "7 69 
1."761 

1 • .., 35 

1.'"'~:;8 

) -,/'-

n 
e 

--------
1.t;88 

1~S88 

1 . S~)O 

1.:)91 

1~S97 

1.602 

1.b0'"' 

1.b11 

1@8'78 

1c8"72 

1c806 

1.860 

1 .G6(i 

1.C)c;8 

1.bc:;6 

1 .soc; 

-----------



(00 / 

Table - J.14: DanE1 ty (.f' } Po~ al"i r~Sabil :tty ( eX, ) a:n{! Orientatione.J. order 
?.arml!etcra p 

2 . of sa~ple 1·. {Vtiks' apprtHLdb) -- ... - -..,;.l""''ioiili' ..... ~ ........................ -- .., ~ ............. :..;. ._,- ... .... -- ...... ~ .... 
---~-----------------• ' 

I I t • ·, Den- 6907 i t 57ao 1r 5461 R 4758 R ' fvl€01h. ' ' ' ' · ·rt•emp' ·t'Jity ·-· li.W- ......... 

.._. .- OCIIID>- .... ._..~ ........... ...,_. -- -- . ...., ,_ .......... ' ...................... ..,.·tq. .................... , ..... --· 
• t • t ' t ' • ' t . .,_(f) 

' • 
~ 

, .. 
:.C:P2~v t) t ' oCo p(Je_ ' Z.P2( ' ~e... : .(_rp2-> ' Ko 

t t 
I_ 'P.!!/ ' rKo 

t 
p(.e_ ; zP.~.I e , in sm/, • • r?Ce. ' ' 

,. •• • ' em' ' • ' • ' t • 
• . ' • ' t f ' t ' ' t 

------------~--~-----------~------------------------
90 1.098 35.92 56.25 ... 750 ,6.28 56.:;4 .74' :;6.17 57.27 •754 ' )6.19 60.15 .75;\ •746 

.98 1o090 ,6.'39 56.51 .742 36.55 56.75 .748 36.66 .57.,8 .740 36o49 60.35 .750 .745 
107 .,.-08:5 36-.75 56~83 .740 36.78 57.12 .750 )6o92 5'7.51 ·735 "J6o72 60.74 e750 .74' 
115 ig073 77 "5? .) .... ~ 57.12 .7:51 )7 .42 56.78 .717 ")7.46 57 q9 .. , .7'32 ,.7.45 60.62 .729 .727 
12:5 1.067 )7.82 57.10 .711 37.82 57.10 c(/14 )8.03 57~9:7 .711 )8.12 60e7r/ .712 .712 

"131 1o061 ')7.2'3 57GJ6 o'105 ,8.14 56o46 .678 38.27 58.02 ·105 ,8.44 60.24 .655 .69'3 

139 1.-053 :36.57 .57.6~ •69.4 38.57 56.94 .676 38.87 58.03 .684 :59 .1., 60.53 . .673 .681 

146 1.047 ;a.9s 58oO:; .688 '38.99 57.09 .670 ;9.39 57.48 .646 39.74 60.26 .645 .662 

153 1.0:56 :59o56 58.12 .681 '39 .~11 67.35 .65' -4G.03 58.39 .655 40.29 59.92 .617 .651 

160 1.028 39.78 58.47 .676 40.25 57.47 .638 40.5557.12 .592 41.11 59.95 .593 .625 

167 1.020 40.)7 ss.4? .669 40.87 57.57 .618 41.22 57.44 .579 41.56 60.37 .591 .614 

175 1.012 40e.S6 56.6:5 .656 41.67 56.89 .564 41.68 57.84 .577 42.68 59.8:3 e539 .584 
181 1oOa2 41.68 59.05 .641 42.21 56.45 .527 4:;.os 57.74 .524 4'3.2'3 59.42 .509 .550 
186 0.995 42.27 56.71 .606 42e90 54.77 .440 4.,.,5 58o15 .501 44.15 58.17 .AG5 .so:s 
195 0.989 42.71 58.67 .589 43.22 54.59 .421 44.55 57.51 .46' 44.55 57.51 .407 .470 



1Al1LE 1~.1~ 

Denei tr (-e.). Polnriss.bUit¥ ( ct) ·&nd Orienta.tional. Order Parssaeters ( LP2/ ) o:t i'l!&11>ple li 

---~--------------------------------,--------------. ::%- : 690? .i : ·S?SO i : 5461 l ' 4?58 I : Jlean 
~-P.•: . 1n~ :- - .... - - .• -.- ;_ - - ; . -;: - '; - - - - ; - - ~ - -; - - - - "'! - - ~- -,- --:_; - - "': < P ~ 
4n o0 , se/ ca ; o<o . • CI\Q_ • , vw , oCe_ ' V\...0 , o<:e_ • ~ , ~ , 2; 

' ,, t 

~----------------------------------------~-~-------~ 
123 o.9ao 16.43 ,,7.12· ,,.49 68.,6 :57.43 69.9' :5?.98 76.21 .?g5 
135 o.9?G 755.62 66.92 ,7.77 6?.50 37.65 68.64 ,8.14 76.52 .7"';7 
142: io.9?5 ''·12 66.41 ,7.86 66.99 .,7.80 6'1.S1 ,8.24 76.0., .122 
149 o.972 "·'' 66.50 ,8.10 ,G.19 ,?.92 61.78 ,8.,5 16 ... 27 .712 
1S3 o.9?1 ,1.,1 65.,2 'a·" ,,.~,, 38.0~ 6'1·21 ,8.52 75.20 e6f115 
157 0.971 '"31.'31 64.75 lS.84 65.96 " ,s.oa ,7.27 ,8.52 75.20 .665 
160 0.96'9 ,1.51 64.,f ,8.99 65·4' ,3.15 66.9' ,9.62 75:.17 .653 

167 0.966 ".57.62 64.5'1 :;9 • .29 ''·'' :59.08 65.92 ";9 • .4S 75.11 .6;»8 

175 0 .. 96:; ,7."/4 64 .• 71 ,,9.':35 64.68 39.44 66.04 40.05' 14.86' .641 

181 o.961 'a·'' ''·72 ,9.4£ 64 .•. 5, 4·o.os 65.42 40.11 75.58 .61f) 

189 0.959 39.74 6,.29 40.09 64.27 40.24 65.05 41.15' 1:1.24 .5S6 

195 0.955 40.44 62.45 40.49 64.10· 40.70 64.50 ·41.55 7"3.00 ~559 

202 o.951 40.91 62•05 41.21 ,,.62 41.:5S .64.40 4·2.29 72 -;;}/" !f·· nl ·'t' 
.?39 

216 0.944 41.51 61.94 41..?9' 63.71 41.94 64.50 43.65 71e62 .522 

222 o.,,9 42.0$ ·61.50 42.,, ,,,.59 42.71 64.09 44.42 ""/"1 ?9 ,. e .. 'Q~ .4-97 

--~~·~ ~~ ~~~-~· ~ - -~~ _..,.. ~ -~ . ...,. .,.. --~ ,......f!INI .... ftiSiilt """"' '"'"' ..,.. -- --- - - - -- ·- ...,., : ....... "'""' .... -- - ~ ... ~· QIIW> --
o\.o.)o<cz_ az>e :in 1o-24 ' ea. and e:al. eul. e terd f::ro~ \iuk ·~fJ f'owmul,.s .• 



-------~----------------~-----~-~-----~------------' l' ' ·~ :• ' 
~:-t);m'Yl "' "- 0 Q 4 0 
.(""' ""'"'·~)~- 41 

·! .ve:u- • <ez 6907 A = 5'180 X • •54S 1 A . ,., # 4J58 A 
or; t si t.r f~ ..... l!O=" ~ - ~ ~ i'-*k?< - ~ ~ ... ! ~l ~ l$'pje ....,. ~ ~ ~ "~ ~ - .J,. ~ ~ «o- .... .q5V.- ~ ,.. ~..,. .... --'~ .. .,. ~ ~ ........ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-

: ce .> ' oCo : ~ : J f. ~ : r/) , ' < ' PG ;. r/) ·t /1 . ,, ~ ; • < jJ 

t(gm/em'-? i y t....__ ~I~ V'-() ' D<k__ -~ .. · -e~>: . 0 f V\_Q l 'r}.; : . i ~ i' 11> 
' t 9 t • I ,, t· p l § I 

--------------------------------------------------~ 
27~7 1.165 2:9.71 46.26 • &t91 750.27 46.1"$ e6157 :50-.!11 41.:;6 . ·'·''' Jf.,.,49 52',(J'" .6161 

~2 tJ:t~J ~b~f: ltl~{l' :t~itt ,~:1',6: 

~='' ~i!l::1.~ -~d4l :~s·~et !6ni& 5'2;:{9:8; ;~t46: 

>2 1.16l 29o80 46o(}$ .6{}9-6 :50.36 .ft}.55' ·c.£062 so.1; 4? .. 19 .,.1)069 .,, .•. ;o· •52.00 .604~6: 

I ~6 1.15!3 ~0 08 4$.8$' .5:391 30.,,. 46.)8 4.58.91 )t.u7 47.02 .. 5900 ,1:.,89 5'~"~ .. 589:1 i· .,.., ,; . 0 

/. 

40 1.155 ::50.'30 4r-'f' ' ' 
..,.. .5668 30,i)c8' 46.:1@ .5?16 J$1:.,'1S 46e65· ··5614 '32 '1'0 _,· ••••• >· . 51.45 .• $151 

44 1o151 ;oQ59 45.12 .5430:1. ,, .• a;s 45.82 .stss s1.s-e 46 '.l!' ~' l &5441 S2.~2' ,~ .• ,oo .5494· 

4e 1.1.49 '31.0' 44.$5 .• 5061 ,1..57 4$.23- •. $119 :S1.92 45.?9 ~-5140 ~2 .• :?' s:o·,.1!9· .5209 ' 

it '*~•«<~ 52 ., .• 14'0: ,1.62 4'i·4.21 ~ .. 4710 52-.11 44.82 .47,, :32.48 4So'4 .. 4159 ,,~,., 49.12 .4944 
cs :;f. . 1.120 :72.64 4;J.94 e42:50 35.20 44.57 .42!J' ~A'"3 1lit .tl,; G ·. - -45.0:i .4259 '4-.41 491,..10 o4'329 

57 1.100 ,, .. , 44.21 .40f.2 ''•ill 44.91 .4036 -,4.lo 45·'' "'4041 !f5.-,5 49·.24 o4076· 

56 1.G6·S{lf!a} 

-------~---~-----------~--------- ------------------4._ an4 oCo ere in uni tn 1o-24 •' 



!~!JL!J --~ ... !1 
Polar1Bab!litie.l' ( i{0 • ~ ) o·f ss~ple - I. tJsing :Weugebauer•s !'9lations . 

-------------~------------------------ ------------'. t ,. '!> .. Ill · .. ··emu 
Bem..-. ' 6907 I 1 $.?SO ~ · 1 54G1 i : 4158 I ·•· 
):. ., • f t · I· t 
.i·n. o ,~ .-.. ... - ... ....- ~ ..... ... ...... ..... ,.,. -- -- ..... ~ ~· ......................... - .... -- ............ ~ -- .QI. ...... _._. ~ -- ·-- "*"" ·~ ... ~.- .............. ~ --

. 0 
J rAo • ~- . ,J) ' 4 ~ • 4 . o(6 : ~ :. p2 
t ' "'-e.' ~. f ' •. " '. l 

... ·~ ~: ~ ........ ~· ~· ......., ... W:t:l ..,..,. ....... -- ~ ~ ~ ............................. ...., . ...w• ~ ,...,._ ~ .......... ~ -. -~ --.:s;. ........... ...,, - ..... -- ............ IGiirJlt ~ f)llwt .... -· 

90 37.29 ''·52. 1li.64 53.62, '?'.61 54.40 ";7.86 s,.s1· .746 
98 37.15 5,.80 '37.91 .541.01 :18.07 ·54.55 )8.14 51.03 .?4' 
·107 ,8.11 54.12 38.16 , •. ,,. ,e.Ja 541111 ,8.39 57.40 .141 
11S 38.65 54.4.t ,8.72. . 54 •. 16 'S.:Sfl 55.17 :;9.07. !)1.,9 ..726 
12, .,9.12 54.49 39.12 54.48 ,9.3' 5.3.2~ :59·.71 57.59 ·11 
1:i1 39.53 54.?5 ,9.,9 ''·'' :?9 •. 62 55.32 :;9.96. 57.19 ·''' .. ,,9 .,9.94 54.8' :J9.ao 54.37 40.18 55.41 40.63 57.5' .681 
146 40.26 ·ss.1o 40.22 54.64 4<>.63 ss.oo 4-1.19 57.:;8 .!663 

153 40.91 •55.51 40.90 54 .• 95 41.29 55.87 41>P66 s~1.1.s .,; 
1iO· 41.02 55.65 41.42 55.1' 41.68 54.81 4~'4' ..::. .. ,' 57.,1 .. 622 
1.61 41.60 56.01 42.01 55.29 42.32 55.22 42.89 57.12 .614' 
175 ·42~06 56.21 42.10 S4.e2 42.19 55.6;> 4,.89 57.41 5'-':2 &, \...c .... 

181 ·42.67 56.,8 43.17 54.5' 44.06 55 ... {1' 44.37 57.15 ;}55 

18S 4,.,9 56.47 4,.69' s··;-. 19 ._,. . 44 .• 37 56.10 45 .1:; 56.21 ~501 

195 4,.ao 56.50 i'3~9B 5:i.08 45.45 55.11 4~j G 1.}5 55.11 .·471 

---~-----------------------------~----------------



.., ...... 1lfllilo .... ~ ........ ~ ..... ~ ...,._. ~ ltV ~ tf'Qit ~ ~ fill.- ~ ,._,. _.., ....... ._ ~ ....... ~ ....... ..... .._ .. f;UIJr .-, ... ~ ~ ....... -. .. ..... ~ 
1 

·41iNf .... ,..,_. ........... :,.. ....-~ ,... ...... 

' • , ' • Mean · 
·:r;emp. t 6907 l? : 5780 }1 .. 5461 i : 4758 R :. . 
.in o0 ;- .- ~ ~- ~: - ~ ~· - ~~ - ·-·~ -.- -o<i_- ""! - ~ ~-; .. ~ .... -: - ~-.-:-~ ~ ·~,: P2 

. ' ' f ~ i ~ 4 'II ~. 'f fAe_, 
...,.... .~ ...... -.,ul ""M'Mi· r,... ..... .... ... .... ....... ·.-w aMIIo ~... tJI:olt - .. -- -- ~ ':tltftt .,_, . ..... .... ... ..... ......., - ....,.. ........ ·"'*'- ,.., - ... ·""'*' ~ ... ~ ........ ...) ..... ..., 4IJql -. ~ ..... ... ..,. .... 

123 '58.29 6'3-39 39.42 64i.51 S9.41 64~99 40.$·1 71&15' .• 758 
135 se.4' 6j.25 '39;.61 65~S1 .,9.58 64."17 40.67 11 •. 45 ~?36 
142 ,8~·51 62.8?/ :;9.67 6:;.:59 S9s65 ''·61 40~7$ ?1.05' .120 
149 .. ,8.93 ,2.94 59~87 63-.24 '9lJ'17 64,07 40.86. ?1.26' .710 
153 59.00 61.94 40eOS 62•?·0 ,,.Q;, 

''·'' 40.~' ?o.sa· .682 
151. ~9~02 61.4.6 40~52 62.58 ,9,.8) ''·'5 40.93 70.19 •''' 1i0 ,9.11 G1.o9 40.6, 62.15 ,,..9, 6,.J(! 41.01 10 ~1 ..... ·''" 167 ~9~!4 61.28 40.'79 '61e-29 40 ... 14 62.$8 41.19 70 ".l8 ., ... ". .. ,.,., 
175 ,,. >'Jilt; "."". .,1· .• 47 40.91 ,,_,, 41.09: 62 •. 12 42.,1 ?o .. :a:a· .64i 
181 40.14 E){).,6t :41.01 &1.45 41.6·4 62.25 :42.92 6.9.20 .615 
1$1 4'f .• 1a 60.41. 41.5' 61.-28 41.19 61.9' ·4,.29 ~a.g·~· .• sat;, 
195 41~78 59.?6 '41.96 61.J1 42,.17 61.JS 45.~6 sm.:1a o55?' 
202 . 42 • .tl't 59.46 42.60 60.:8' 42.80 ,.1.51 44 • .,0 Ga.,-1 ·'"' 21{; 42'.76 59.44 4,.15 60.98 4,.,5 61.67 .45.94 61.84 ·'"20 
2.22 4,.24 59.13 4,.85 60.,, 44.05 ''·"·'~ 46 2~l· .• II' 67.60 .495 

-
--------~--------~----~--------~---~--~------~--



'/ 

Poln:ri~~'tbili.ty ( P<3.. ) and order pBr~~.et~tr ( <r•2 7 } tor, ~allpl.e Ill (Pl.1lll) 
( U~i nt~ N'~ualll~bau~r• s lf.•EU at:tonl 

------------------------------~~---~-------·-------T ' t' . ,. 

P.emp~ = 69o7 ~ : ~ s~Jao R • :~ 5461 ! ' • 435e i . 
(of,) ~- - - - ,_ - - - ·- ...... ;....... .... - _,. .-~ .,., ... - - ,- ·- - ""t - - - . ., ..... - - -. - - - .- - - -· -' - ,_ ~ "'f . .- - - '"";' - - ...... 

. ,, ~ o<?o • t4_ , < P3./ 1 ~ , C?(k_ " <E.)', ~ • 4_ ;, < P2.> f ~ • ~ ' .< f1) 
t • 'f '1 t l1 • t ·~ 

-~-----~------~---------~-----------~~--~-----------
27.7 :;o.st 44~~~v1.~ .614) 31.,8 44.51 .6146 ,1.85 45.,os :o6'1S1 .,,_.at ·49 .• 26 .6128 

:s.a.o :;o.a? 45.87 .605.4 :51.44. 44.:Yt .eo67 ~u .91· ·44.:'94 •G1o2 ), •. os ·49.0:5 .60)4 

''36.0 
''· ·t2 4'o76 ~ss9:5 '31.69 ~4.21 .591·9 32.1f$ 44.84 .5960 '"·'" ·~· S9 

,;l' .. ·5·904 

40.0 ,1.2!1 4';.37 .56$7 ,1.86 +J.o04 ·5161 ,2 .. 4'> ·44.54 .seo'J no;o 48.6'' ·5766 

44.0 ,1.55 43~21· ' .5479 ;2.2'1 4'·86 ~ss,o· ,2 .. 59 44.30 .5546 ''·?7 48.29 s;t:o . . ,')., 

48 31.92 42.?1 .515$ 'j2.49 4,.,, .5208 ,2.87 4,.90 -~252 :54.00 41.74 .• sa,Sf; 

52.0 32.4S 42(!J55 ~4811 ,,.a., ·4,.1, .4161 '':·'' 43:.59 .4910 ,4.55 t?.:;.s. .4960 

56o0 ''·'a 42.45 .4)67 ):;.9G 4).05 .. 4481 ;14.0:;.{) 4'·'1 .4449 :3$ .• 47 46.99 .4520 

51.0 34.16 42.e5 a4200 ;)4.?S 4:1.46 .4~5G ,5.05 4'J.84 .4280 ''·'' .. 7.25 .4,00 

------~~-----~------------------------------------~-



~-. 

, ...... 

- o<(. 
c 

. ·-

<><t. 
. -c 

·-o 
. , "" 310 

0 
0 0 

0 0 ,_ 

400 '4?>0 LOO 
- . 

Temperature. in °C · 



26 o a a a o 0 e -0-o-o 
<S 

0 

42.0 ~.tSO t,80 
.. e 

Temperature in -k 

f ,'a-· 3.5 



23 

22 

t 
o<( 

2 21 

":._, 

20 

5T ---o-----D 0 -o 0 0 

t "4 
o<( 

z 

0 
' '3 

25 35 45 55 65 
0 

TEMPERATURE IN C -----+-



. : ....... -····· 

I' 

13 SAMPLE·- 1 
0 

12. 1- 370"5 K 
'2.- 379;5 \ 

0 

11 3- 396 K. 
0 

......... 4- 4H>5 K ..a.. 0 

-10 5- 433 K 
0 '+-

6- 448 K 
·~ 

c 
.Q 9 -0 
c 
:J 8 ..._ 
c 
0 7 
+-
:J 
.D 
1- 6 
+-
1./) 

:0 
5 

-o 
<1.) 

' N 4 
·~-

0 
0 10 30 so 'TO 90 

Angle ( ~ ) In deg.ree 
~ 

Ffd, 3.( 



t 
..[].. 
~ .... 
c:: 
0 

ti 
c:: 
•::J 
'+-
c 

.Q .... 
::J 
.0 
.... 
§ 
-o 
-o 
4) 

.t:! 
0 
E .... 
0 z 

13 

,, 

9 

'7 

5 

3 

1 

SAMPLE- II 

0 

1- 40T5 K 
0 

2- 422:25 K 
3- 429•5 °K 

0 

4- 440 K 
5- 448 °K 
6- 467.5 "K 

QL--L~L-~-~--~~~~=-~-L~ 
0 10 30 · 50 'TO 90 

Angle ( (b) 1n degree -+. 



(.._ 

t '9 1-

,......, 
0....,.. 8 1-

v .. . .., 
""" 

1-

~ 
v··6 t-

II) ._ ·s t-t.) 
+-
t.) 

E 
0 '4 1-
1-
0 
0.. 

'3 
1... 
~ 
-o 
1... •2 1-
0 

. 1 1-

• 

\ 

o --- X·- ray data 
• ··-- R. I· delta 

-- --· M.S. V01lJe 

0. 0 0 
0 

I 

0 



1 

·g 

t 
·a 

1-

~ "3 
1-

- 0 

. '1 

I 
• ! 

o --- '><;ray dat<l 
t) --- R.I. dala 

-- --- M.S. value 

0 

·16 ·1s ·a ·s1. -~4 ·86 · ·ss ·9 ·~n ·94 · 96 ·ss 

Reouced T~mperature CYTc) ~. 

Fi'(j, 3.11 



0 II 
L-------------J-------------~------------~ 

"85 "95 



2. 3 4 
4 

·1 ·6 

I 

2. ·6 ·5 

~ 
A~ I ·6 •( ·5 
I 

/'. 

N 
0... 
v ·5 '6 ·4 ·3 

A •5 
4- -APAPA 

p· 
-·3 

• I 

3 _,.. BBBA 

2. - PBBA 
'3 A 1 - EBBA, MBB

1
A (1) 

'3 ~--------------~----------------~~~ 
·so I. 90 

I 

.T/Tc-
Fi<J4120.... 



I' 

0 

I-~ 6907 A 
0 

II- 5780 A 
0 

m- 5461 A 
0 

1'9 lV- 4758 A 

1"86 

1"82 

1"78 ~=H=:R===M'=='>"<==..}{~:t 

t 1"74 
<l) 

c 
~ 1"7 
0 

c 

.'------L--L..--L·--'-----' 

90 lOO 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 . . 

Temperature ( c ) -+ · 



·o 
c 

1'4 

120 140 
I -

160 

1( 

_...J-__ 
-~-----

:i: - 6907 A 
' ! 0 

II- 5780 A 
in- 5461 A 

0 ' IV-· 4758 A 

l80· '200 
0 TemperaJure tn c -~ 

220 

' 



. . 

+ 
I 
.... 

0 
t::: 

1"9 

1'8 

17 

1"6 

1'5 
25 35 

TEMP 

Fi~. -3.15" 

IN 

<=" 

I,~ rt Q 

0 

c 

1-

- ~- \ 
l' ' l 

45 
~ 

0 

I - 4358 A 
2- 5461 A 
3- 5780 A 
4- 6907 A. 

55 65 



t 
c 
<1 

'2.2 

5~00 

. Wavel~ngth 

i- 1 2."3 °C 

2.~ J3 ~ °C 

--------~ 
--01 

____ ______.o 2. 

~300 

• 0 

1n A ~ 

\ 

7?;,00 



. '. 
n 

·. 

.'. ... . .. .. _. : .. -.- ,,_ 
•' ~;- -" .,: ; -~ - . . '· . ' 

~,-------~----~-----------------------

-·!0 

'32. 

1 

t 
c 
<l '24 

4300 5300 
·o 

F'a· .o.17. Wavelength in A~ 



c 
0 ~-j 

"20 

t 
t:. 

<l 
. "16 

"12 
~------~----~--------------------------~ 4300 ~00 6300 

0 

WAVE LENGTH rN A--~ 

fi<J~3.18 

t· 



;5. 2 G 1. Jntroduetig,n.;_ 

~be s.truotural. formula of the srunpl.e IBBA is 
\ 

Sl:'he X..rs7 work ot the eampl.e have bee_n under taken e.s a 

part of tbe progr~m of tbQ study of the properties of 

~ohiffte base eompounde under taken by usa x,eadbetter 

et e.1. 17 have tibteinelt the struetu:ro of the sample in trHlso­

pbases !!.lte:nen by roagnetio field. But ·the oriente.tional. 

order par~meters have not been det~rmined b~ them. Order 

pal'Qtl.H~'ter o·f or5.ented sample.s: \vere O.btained by NJm; Rnman 

_Scattering ana lR dichroism measurement b3 ~if'ferent 

authors 18-20 • I.eadbettf!r et. a:t. 21 _be.ve solved the ory~t:al. 
and molecular structure of "BElA. Here we have reported 

the order parameter valuec of EDnA froM X-ra~ diffraction 

data. ~he apparent molecular length (l) &!td the eLVerage 

intemo~eoular spacings (D) have also been oeleula't:ed Bnd 

:ft.nmd to be in well. agreement witb that report0d by 

1 ef:'d better et a1 21. 



~ha sample :EBB.li supplied ·to ue by Prof ~M·.Weda of 

!ohoku Un:l'!J~~ri ty, f!a:pen. 1he UH)~ eoular a:rxangeme~:tt in 

nematic pbas$ dett~rmined by \1ada22• ~he transition tempe­

r~tu.re aooordine.to them is 

0 
.. - ......... "' '3 7 c .. 
vrye~ 

'0 

?'i c "' Isotropic 

·!he swnple fount\ to have a supercool.ing state. 

the trant;~i tion tempera.-~ure· obeerved. by us under polari~:tng 

microeoope anu "" x-ray photographs is 

0 
37 c ... 'f:IT t". 1.11ema ••C 
2'3"c 

.!be dtrtttUed of e;r;peri"ental procet'h.aree and theo­

retitm:L be.oksrounde a-.ra tlieousaed earlier-. In table :;.21 

ani ,.~!,. lb~ -1ntenait,J' V8.l.ues a.t d:!fterent tempe:raturaa 

al"e given. 

!be no:naslieed 4.ia.tribu.tion fu.nction ~ ( $ )as a 

functi·on- of -?> at different teaperaturea ae obtained from 

·experif0entt4 intens1t1 vatuee ere g1Ye:n in fsble 2% 3~23~ 

and shown. in Pig. '·~' ,..eepeotivel.J'• We expect as tem,pera­

ture decreases tbt funot:lon to 'beoome more packed at 

~ ::. 0°0. Our ourvee oontonae to tb:i.s ~dea. -Orientational 

at different temne-
"' 



esticated to be acou:t'n te within ·1- 0.02. Tllm experi!JH'lnte.l. -< P2 ) Valueo are found to differ l!l.iGhtly f:rom tbe Li.l'i. 

theoretical va1uee but within the ozperimental uncert~inity. 

But l.ower < P4 ) va.tuee are obtained near the isotropic 

.region. Saob behaviour of <P4 ) was found by othore 

al~o1D- 1S. ~ha caes ot tbie d1ecrepan~ baa not boen 

aecounte4 with certainity. 



gampJ.e: .BiBle 

Esperi~nenttll. intensity values I ( 'f ) a't d1~terent; teaperature 

bperimentnl. intenei ty for tawpersture 0 x· 

·---~--~--------~-·-~-~-----~----------------------Deg.-. ' . . . . ' . ,' . • . • . . ' . ' ,. .. ,02 . ~; l ,09 • ,,, * ,,s. . ,3, ''' ' ,39 
·ree . _ . -ct . . • ~- * . 
---~--~--~-----------~----------~-----~----~ ~----
0 
5 
1Q 
15 
20 
.as 
'0 
'' 40 
45 
50 

'' 60 
65 
10 
75 

SJ.OO 
eo.oo 
67.tO 
54.25 
42.50 
,,.a; 
26.25 
19.-40 
14.00 
10.25 
6.15 
6.00 
4.25 
,.10· 
2.25 
1.25 
o.es 
{Y4ti0 

o.oo· 

62.00 
58 .• 00 
;o..20 
42.10 
,4.50 
25.2$ 
19.50 
15.50 
10o10 
6.50 
4.00 
2.'35 
1.15 
o.6o 
o.§o 
o.1o 
00 
0 

:)4e;o 
3Z.oo 
,0.25 
25'e1S 
21:.00 
16.50 
15.55 
'9.15· 
;.,o 
,.40 
2.65 
1.90 
1 .. '30 
Oe75 
0.40 
().40· 
0.25 
o.oo 
.os 

'0•15' 
37.48 
,2.50 
27 .• 1, 
21.,0 
t7~75 ,,.80 
18.28 
?.:'Ia 
4.8:5 ,.,8 
2.2; 
1.48 
().88: 

0.55 c-.,,, 
o.ta 
o.os 
o.oo 

82.50 
80.'75 
74.00 
62.50 
S1.52 
4-2.25· 
,2.0 
2).75 
19.25 
12.90 
9.60 
7.00 
4.35 
2.50 
1 .. 80 
1.10 

·0.65 
0.25 
00 

47.50 

"''·'' 43.58 
.,1.15 
,1.00 
25.25 
1$.00 
14 •. 00 
9.50 
s.oo 
5 •. 90 
4.25 
'3.10 

. 2.50 
1$90 
1o25 
0·.65 
Oe25 

66 .. 00 
60.25 
55.50' 
47.25 
44.25 
,e.oo 
31 • .,,. 

24.7$ 
18.50 
1:5 •. 75 
10.00 
6.25 
4.25 
2.50 
-1.60 
o.65 
o.;o 
0 

0 

60.50 
5'1.00 
·52.00 
46.75 
41.10 
:55.25 
28.50 
22.10 
16 .. 25 
11.00 
7·35 
5.30 
:s.so 
,.15 
2.60 
2.15 
1.40 
o.9o 
.0.65 

---~~---~-~--~~--------~-------------~~-----------



Saap1e: EBDA •. _,.~,._ 1 
C.::Ucu~ 

~er1mentel intensity I .( \fJ ) at. different telDpera.ture 

-----~---~~--~-------------~-------~-~-------------Cal eUlated intensity for temp•mtur• 0 lC 

~~-----------~-~---------~------~-~---------r-----»e~ • • . . • . , .. 
. . - t ,02 • '"' ' )09 . . . t .,,, • 318 ' . 323 • ,,, t ' ,.,8 
l!'ee · • · . · ' · ·• · · • ·' . '· . ' ~ .............. ~ ~ ........ ~<" ....... .., ...... ._ .................. " .......... - ............... -· ...... -- ... ....,.. ._ ....... ,.., .............. 1llillllllf .., ............. ..., ~ 

0 83.51 G1.21 34~54 58.91 a,.oo 41.84 64.55 59.66 
s 79.04 58.41 .,,.24 ,.,.,, so.37 46.59 61.61 57.65 
10 '"·'' 51.1S 29.89 ''·'' . .,,.28 43 .• 01. s;.at 52.60 
1S 54.14 41-.98 25.51 27.21 6,.,, '37.80 46.'33 46 .• 5, 
20 42.41 ,,.27 ·21.29 22.12 52.80 ,1.52 42.81 40.74 ,. 

25 ,.40 26.02 17.0' · .: 1V.T'1 42.11 24.9' 37.92 :i5.1t 
tJ. 

30 26.05 20.02 12.94 ,,.as 32.18 ·-· -.18.87 ,2.oJ. 28.94 
: 

Ji -r 2&:<8'2 ~azU: 

'5 ' 19.;1 ''14.79 9.06 10 .• 26 25.?0 '1'}.84 24.98 22.'32 

40 14.07 10.24 s.a., .?.14 17.27 10.1l 18.28 15.90 
45 '· .10.26 6.59 '·'' 4.84 1'2.85 ?.59 1,.,0 10.92 
50 7.90 3.99 2.43 '·'' 9.66 5.79 9.89 1·52 
55 . 6.14 2.92 1.79 2.30 6.90 4.'38 6.99 5.28 

60 
'• 4.44 '1.23 1.'S2 1.48 4 •. 42 .,.275 •• 22 :5.79 

6$ " 2.97 0.62 0.86 o.s6 2 .• 59 2.;,9 2.14 2.92 
10 ' 2 •. Q2 ·o.,2 o.49 0.51 1e61 1.81 1.24 2.5~ 

75 
. 1.49 0.19 0.27 o.;; 1.16 1.::?0 1.06 2.20 

so .. 0.95 0.096 0.15 0.21 0.7'3 0.7, 0.7:7 1.61 

.a' 0.37 -0.011 o.o7 0.52 0 .• 22 o.21 0.06 0.87 

-9Q o.1o -o.o6 o.o, -o.oo3 -o.o2 -0.016 -0.29 0.53 
. . 

---~-·-------------~-----------------------------



·, SaspJ.e: !»B.A. 
u·ormftli sed :Oi.!'ltr.i but1on :Funct1Qn 'ial-uee :r( ~ ) at 

----~------~-------------------------~-----------

~---~---~----~---~-------~-------------~------ree '02 ' 'o' • S09 • 31' · ' 319 · '. 32' ., '" ' 3.'8 
---~-----~-·--~-----·~---·-~---~~·----~----~------0 11.13' 11.1'1 9.12 9.?7 , • .,. ?-.35 1.34 7.19 
; 10.,; 1o.o2 a.,9 9.o2 7.42 7.Q1 6.S2 6.~, 

10 ~.6.69 1.62 6•84 7_.,1 6.59 6.1.6 5.65 5.42 
'' 6.99 ·5-52 5.41 5.59 5.54 5.21 4.4~ 4.,. 
20 '·'' 4.2, 4.46 "·'o 4.46 4.'Ss :;.s4 · ,.,a 
2; :J.-60 :5.47 S.TS 3.)9 "3.46 '·5' 5.09 '-•'31 
30 2.14 2.82 ,.01 2.,, 2.57 2.69 2.66 2.94 
,,. 1.25 a.o6 2.01 1.92 1.a, 1.aa 2.19 2.'34 
4o o.a1 1.29 1.21 t.29 1.26 1.2·1· 1.66 1.sa 
45 o.s9 o.73 o.\i6 o;.a2 o.av o .. 1e 1.16 o.95 
so o.43 o.42 o.,9 0.52 o.,o o.S4 ().11 o.57 
55 o.29 o.25 o.21 o .• ,,4 o.42 o.41 o .• so· o.:ls 
60 o.19 o.15 o.zt o.22 o~2' o.,, o.,2 o.2a 
65 o.t4 o.oa o~15 D~14 o.1s o.2s o.19 o.22 
70 o.1o o.o4 o.oe .o.oa .(l.10 o •. 17 ·o.1o o •. 1fi 
15 o.oa o.o1 o.o4 o.o4 o.os o.o9 o.os 0 •. 11 

ao o.o, o.oo4 Os.o1 o.o2 o.o, o.os o.c2 o.os 
ss o.o1 o.oo2 o.oo1 o.o1 o,.o2 o.<t' o.·o1 o.,o5 
90 o o o o o o o o.,o4 



,. 

l~ 

J 
r 

.•... 80 

'· 



\·,_ 

.-

·;·, .' ': 

.·a--~ 
' - , I I 

- \ ./ -

~' 

.t ~ .... ..~· SOLID LINE FROM_ M.S. THEORY 

0.8 
.. :· 

(P2) 

I 1\ 
-~ ',• 

v . :•, 

-· 0.4 ' f, ·.· .... 

/\' 
_,-
" 

-~ (P4) 
-'' v 

........ _ 

0~--~~~----~~----~------~ 
0.84 . 0.9-2 1'.00 

T/·Tc._ 
,_ 

J ~ ' • . •• _.._______ -·- '- ~-

\'.. 

·-



(}~ : 

l I • 
'-\' 

/ 

In this eaotion the opi;ici!ll bire:frine;enoe f:ltntlies 

of the following aqplae are ~epo:r-ted. 

1. 4'~pentylo~y-4-eyan.Qbipbenyz( 500:8 in short) 

C H3 - (_c H.2-) 4 -o --©-{!d-c.N 

Sol.id 

2. $•(4-n-ButJlphenJ~)-2•(4-ctanophenyl)-P.yrimidane 

(lll?O.t-P in ebort) .. 

~rs.:r d1ttraot:lon rJtudietJ of the samPl ea 1 and 2 
were done in our laboratory b7 :Sbattacharjee et e-J. 23 and 

~.Jba·~t et24 r0~ect1ve1y. Ori~ntationel order parameters, 

apparent molecular length average :l.ntermoleoular 'li~"tance 

and the an~ular pa~t of the mean field p~tential in the 

nematic phaee of botb the ea!!t:ple wer~ atud:i.ed by tt'lem. 

Cry eta~ et:ruoture analys:le of the eampl e 2 wi tn the help of 

tbe X•r&T diffraction were done by P.Mandal and B.Paut25 of 

oar J.nbora.tor.r. 

~be refractive index mea~urement Bind the d$te:rmine.­

ti.on of ord&r para!!letera fro:r,~ bi.-refringenoe study ft)r tteoe 

eompounde are being reported here. 



. . . 
o:t r~fl'aetive indices (n.0 , n9 ) at ditto~ent 'f::6Dper~tur~e and to:r 

a~.tf~rent 1mve ~~n~tl~s aJ"o give~ in ·the Table :;;,24, ana z~.2s and 

sb.otm in Ftg_. 3,.2, - :;_~26 rest)eot1 vely i'or _the s~ples.: The den-
• I •' 

si tY,.t polat1zabil1 ty; t:rom Vttk 1 s approaQh and orde.-· parameters 

calculated are· g:l. ven in tile Table :;'~26 and . 3~,21: ~he re~nl ts o;C 

Neugebaur' s approach are given in Table ~ 5.28 and 3.29 res­

pecrti vely • 

Tbe orlentational order 1laraiDetet>. < P2 > .l!l' 1otas calculated 

using the rola:t;ion (1' 2 ) ::: ('\e.- P( o) / (o( 11 - eo< J.) 
Tbe vsl.ues o:t. (_ of 11 - P\ 1 ) is ue·tennined from Baller's extra• 

polation is des·cribcd ;lncase of the sample 1 ·only:: Tne-lt'ig~. 3~27 

shows t.be vlQt oz ln. ("(e. - ~ 0 ) Vs. : f_?l- (I c. - T) o:t 

samtlle I tdlich is a straight line: The straight lino is extra• 

polated to T = 0°K~ 
The 'Ulnes · o:t ( v'( 11 - ti.1 ) ·;·=! o( et-. tor. Vuk' s ancl l"$eugebauer' a 

app:~·oacll are tested by calculating o(o.. :Cor both the satnples lr,y 

us;lng adcli ti ve J'Ule o! tile bond polarizabili ty values available in 

the 1:4rtcx·ature~h 6;1~ The mean .polarizability valuesalso ealeu.lated~ 
Tno table 3~50 silowa the o( o... and c< · value$ of bOth the sample 

by di.fterent methods: Tl!is is clear :from tb.o table that the 

values obtained .from Neugebauer's data is very close to ·that 

calculated from bond polarteab!!ity whereas the (a ·values 

calculated from Vnk*s .formula is signi:fie~:ntly d:lffcrent., 



, 
.ln case o t compounds fOCPP, l?'CT.P., i"DM we have found the same l'esul·ts. 

26-
DisQrOlJliDCies bave also been found· in other nematic liquid crystals • 

Although the liallor•s plo~ is not ·tully justifiable in all cases 

and the addi'tive rule o:f tho bond polar:lzab:i.li ty to estimate tile 

molecular lJOlarizability anisotropy ( o(CL ) may be more realistic, 

·but we n~ve not used ·tbe bond polarizabili ty vab1es in any furtbGr 

(l.al!!ulations since the d:lifeJ;'ence between two sets o:f o(CJ..- valuesx 

one from Jitit: bond polari~ability and one :from :Neugebauer's approach, 

is marginal: 

frbe ortler }:Jarameter values calculatetl using Vuk' s formula 

and Neugebauer's relations . .agree well :Lor ·the compounds in. their 

respective nematic phases. Tllis may he due to the £act that although 

, o(_ e. and : c{ o vary consi dera·bly in the tt·JO approaches ·the varl~;t• 

\:e- o( o) with terupera:tu1 .. e is mo:we or· less the same in 

·two cases, 

Tho Fig. 3.28, and ;;.29 shows tbe 

samples obtained :from different liletllods • It is tonnd that the 

<I? 2 } values obta:tned from n.I. da:ta agree well wi til the N.s ~ 
·t.heuret.ical valuQs·expcc·t· in the nematic·; ... iso·tropic transition 

region. The tligher, temr;oraturo values in case· o:r the sample 2 

· co~ld no·t be ·taken ·necause o:t experimental limitations: Tho (P 2 ) 
·' 

values a·t tbe tranei tion region are significantly lotr~er than the 
0 ~ I 

theoretical values~ Such behaviour near ~c baa also been found 

by· ot.lere8 '9 < e2 ) values from X•ray diffraction ·techniques 

are higher than the theoretical values-. Dif fercnt arwroxima't:lons 

involved in di.f:ferent. cases n~ay be tile cavae o:C such. di:f.:ferances., 



Ill tne .re:fraoti ve indices study we rely on surface aucborlug ouly 

for the form~tion of r>!onodoulain sn:mplE> as tho oa~-nctic :tield cannot 

be applied during the me~surements hc!lce it is likely that near tbe 

.nematic isotror.)io transitions tCi'llperature. tile samples may not 

remain ideally monodomain. 

Table ,-· 30 .. 
oC and ( o( 11 - o( 1 } 

--~-------------~------------~----' • 
-~---r---------~~-L---------~-~----' Calculated 1 Vut: 1s/ ' Calculated I l1aller•·s t Haller's 
Sample ! ~rom bon2 ' Ne~tgebaut31 .. s: .f~om bond i process , pl"'cess 

, P?lariza , approach , P?~~u:iza.• t (Vuk 1 , \Neuge-. 
, l>J.li. ty , (Isotropic , b:a..t.i ty 1 d· ta} , bauera' 
, , liquid) t 1 a ·· t data) 

----------~---~-----~------~--~----
-

!)OGD ' '34-.61 1s::;o 1. 34.14. 18·42 22.80 . . 
.. 

32-.09 47~8 2. lWCij:V 4:.3~14 '~ . 
' . 

---~--~---------~------------------



t<,efrsctive 

.. ----~-----~-~~----------~---~~~~~~ t ' 

.t • ' a ' . o' 
t 6901 ! • ·5780 i ' 5461 .£\ t 4758 J!; 
' ., .. r . 

hQ r---~-----------~---~---~--,---n ' n 1 n ·~ n li 11 • n • o,. , o , . · e , o ,. e .t o , e , 1.1
0 

~ ne 
·v t 

-----~-----~-~----~---------------
,a.s 1.s22 

'6 1.522 

40 .1.522 

44.5 1.saa 
48 1.~22 

5215 1.525 

57 1.529 

61.$ 1.5~4 

66 t!l540 

6? 1.545 

70 

75 

1;5981 

1.580 

1.725 

1~120 

1.115 

1.?o9 

1.?02 

1.695 

1e6B$ 

1.6'"{) 

1t65S 

1.,651 

1.,,, 
1·5'' 
1-.533 

1.$3:5 

1tt553 

1.,5':;6 

1.540 

1.545 

1t~551 

'to556 

1~59J 

1 •. S92 

1.741 1q558 1.752 1.571 

1.7,6 1·5'8 1o747 1.571 

1.7,1 1.5,8 1.742 1.571 

1.?2$ 1.539 1e736 1.571 

1~116 1.$j8 1.7.29 1.5("11 

1.711 1~541 1.722 1o575 

1.701 1.545 1.712 1c519 

1.689 1.950 1.700 1.585 

'·''' 1.556 1.684 1.592 
1.666 1.5,1 '-677 1.599· 

1'.6,9 

••6P1 

1.810 

1.805 

1.799. 

1.193 

1.766 

1.778 

1.?66 

1.755 

1.738 

1.7".50 

~~------~-----~~-·-~--~-----------



., . 

-------------~-------------------------~-------: 69<>7 2 ·: 57ao ·I : 5461 ~. : 475a I 
!emp._ ... ,- ___ ~· ___ -· _ ..~. _ ~ ____ -·- _ ..,;~ ___ -· ______ -·:- _____ ·- _ ~· _ 

• .. • t ' t in oc . • 
• 

'no t ?1e .r: 17 o t 'l1e 1 "77o , tfle.. · ; 710 .,. ?}.e._ 

--------------~---.----~~--
100 

110 

120 

130 

140 

150 

160 

110 

180. 

190' 

200 

1.4Sl 

1.48' 
1.48, 

1.486 

1.490. 

1.494 

1.496 

1.502 

1.506 

1.511 

1.516 . 

1.846 

1.842 

-1.831 

1~8't 

1.826 

1.920 

1.814 

1.808 

1.802 .. 

1.796 

1.790 

1.499. 1.862. 

1.499· 11858 

1.499. 1.85,·· 

1.502' 1.847· 

1.!$.06.: 1.842. 

1.510 1.836·' 

1.;14 . 1.9,0· 

1.518' 1.824· 

1.522· 1.rna 

1.527 1.8'12 

1.5,2 1.806 

1.511 1.874 

1.511 1.870 

1.511 1.865 

1.i14 1.860 

1.518 .1.854 

1.522 1.848 

1.526 1.842 

1.5,0 1.8)6 

1.5,4 - 1.8,0 

1.5,9 1.824 

1.546 

'!.546 

1.546 

1.$49 

1.553 

1.557 

1.561 

1a565 

·~·"' 
t.574 

1.5?9 

1.909 

1.905 

1.900 

1.895 

1.989 

1'.883 

1.sn 
1.871 

1.865 

1.859 

1.85' 

--------------------------------~--------------



~ 
/-

. ...,. .. ;----· 

TP.BLE -=-3· 2b . 
Density ( f ) I polarizability ( o( ) and orientational order parameter ( <P2) ) of 50GB 

)L I 1 
I· 1 0 

X 0 I 0 1 0 
·-? I p X 

6907 A 
X 

5761 A 1 5461 A 
X 

4358 p_ 

t X 1 X r 
Temp. l(gm/ I 1 X 1 I X I 1 v< 1 

o( 
(oc) 1 3 l o(_o ci( (P2> X t1-o l cX..e X (P2> X o( 1 G'( 1 (P2> 1 r I <P2) I em ) 1 e 1 X l · X 0 X e I I 0 I e X 

32.5 1.067 23.84 45.13 .6325 29.30 45.93 .6325 29.48 46.53 .6321 30.73 49.60 .6310 

36 1. 0665 28.89 44-.83 .6190 29.35 45.63 .6192 29.53 46.23 .6191 30.79 49.28 .6194 

40 1.066 28.94 44.53 .6054 29. 40·_ 4~ .34 .6059 29.59 45.87 .6036 30.85 48.92 .6054 

44.5 1. 0642 29.03 44.22 • 5898 . 29.49 45.03 .5907 29.67 45.63 .5914 30.94 43.69 .5945 

48 1. 0628. 29.11 43.-96 .5767 29.57 44.77 .5779 29.75 45.37 .5789 31.02 48.44 .5834 

52.5 1. 0608 29.42 43.58 .5498 29.88 44.39 .5516 30.06 44.99 .5533 31.40 47.91 .5532 

57 1. 0573 29.85 43. 05. .5124 30.32 4.3. 86 .5150 30.50 44.47 .5177 3:1..86 47.21 .5140 

61.5 1.0523 30.39 42.50 .4699 30.86 43.31 .4734 31.04 43.92 .4772 32.47 46.40 .4657 

66 1.0414 31.37 41..78 .4040 31.84 42.60 .4091 32.02 43.21 .4147 33.55 45.57 .. 4024 

67 1. 0310 32.01 4i.71 • 3767 32.48 42.54 .3825 32.67 43.16 .3889 34.33 45·. 43 .3720 

o( 
0 

and C?( are in units e . 
10-24 3 em 



0: .. 
'(7 

Ilens:l ty ( f ) and orienta.tional order J.?arameters ( < P2 > ) of .sample BPCPP(Vuks' apPIIRCh) 

---,-~--r--------------------------------~----,---j ' i • R ' 4·759 .~ 
f lie an ' Density• 6~07 5780 5461 t 

' ' ' temp. • • • 
' (f) iur---- ~----- ........ ,!. ~--,----~.----~----~---- ----,.(P2> 

o0 .• gs/em. 
t ~ .., ' .. ' ltV ia • oCo • oC~ q,o ' oe-'2. Ko ' cC'.e. oCo ~ ;; 

. ' ' f .. 
t f ,, .. • 

' ' ' ' ' ' ' . ' ' ' t 

----------~-------~---~-------------~--------------. . 

1CO ~885 ,,.58 73.4' 51~62 74.42 38·.38 75.14 40.59 17.20 ·768 

110 .881 ,6.81 1'·'' :51~8, 74.,9 ,8.60 75.11 4o.ao, ??.OS o763 

120 .877 ,7.01 1,.21 ,8~05 74.26 Ja.s' 74.,99 -41~05 77.09 .756 

1~ .a7:;. 31.46 72.95 ,8~51 7S.94 '39.28 74.'17 41:.52 76.87 .741 

140 .aes sa.o,· 72.77 ,9~09 1'·11 '39.87 74.51 42.12 ?6.6' .723 

1§0 .86' 38.62 72.49 S9:.69 1,.50 40 .• 41 74.2$ 42~1·' ~16-~8 .705 

160 •S57 y).~ 72.,0 40'~'' 7, .. ,2 41.13 74.1J7 4).40 7'·22 .689 

170 .a 51 ,9.92 1a.11 40'.99 7J.1:5 41.79 "'1';.89 .4.08 ' 16.0G .• 611 

180 .a4' 40.53 71.83 41'~61 72.86 42.42 ''·'' 44.72 15-.91 .652 

190 .~40 41.28 11.60 42."j7 72.64 ,, ... , 4, ..• , ''·-'' ,; ... . tts632 

200 .s,, ~1.=:18 69.c48 42~18 70'.81 42.97 11.51 45.25 1,.74 .ei12 

---~-------------------~-------~------------~~-~---



\ 
' 

.Newman projections of Page No. 1 
\ 

\ H182 H202 
C20 C18 C12 

) 121 

\ H191 
52 

,. 
.t ... · H201 C8 

72 

C14 C21 
H192 H191 - C16 

(C19 · - j:18 (C19 - C20 ) (C11 - C9 

H122 C9 

180 178 

65 

.8 C11 
C10 1 8. H11· H121 N2 1 0 H10 

C8 N1 
56 

179 180 

C13 
C16 . ' 

(C11· - C12 '(C9: -•C10 (C9 - C8 
'· 

179 181 180 

8 8 N2 ~-N1 1 0 C5 C4 1 C8 H10 
C3 N2 

180 178 '. 179. 

? 



---·1-~----~-~--~-------~---------~----~-~-~-~~~--
,. . . . . I)\ ~ 6901 ·i. · : 5?80 ~- . :. . . 5461 ·t . 9 . 4?59 ·i . 
. , .. p ...... ~...:!..;---.., ... ;... .... - -.-- .... --,- .... -- .,. --- ~ -.- ..... .;,·-- .l-- .. - ""- - .... ---
' . On t / t ·· .../J · f -~ t 0J : ./' t .J7 · t _/? ·· t· /1 n v_ : .· · ll\..{) 

1 
_ V\....e. , . ., e. , · VLo • ""'e t 0.. o , 0\..€_ 

.~-~--~-~-~--~-----~----~-----~~----~--~~~~-----~ 
,' - . , .. 
,oo ,e .. ,, 68.,., 40.06 69.54 40.81 "10.18 4,.~,, ?2.oo· 

110 . ''··18 ,8.66 40.25 69.54 41.06 10._,, ''·~; 12 .• 0 

_:120 ."·39-•''' 'er.59 40.45 69.4T 4t.2& ?0,.-12 .. ,.,, '?1.98 
' 

_1,0 39.15 6a.,,. . 40.~86 69~.25 .f1:.·6S ,9 .. ~:~ 44.0_, 11.86. 

·1-4o -40.28 ~a •. zt •*··'' .69.17 42.2' Gt.s' 44.51 ?1.,., 
'150 . 40.'82 .Ea·.ot 41!'·'' 69:.ot 42.11 69.68 .,.,,, 11.60 
., .. " .·. 

. :160 -41.41 6e.ot . 42.;, Ge.92 4''·" . ,,.,0 45.14' ?1.55 
. ' 

110 42.01 6?-.91 4, •. 14 ,8.84 "'·'' .,9.5' '"•'S ?1.§0 

180 ·42 . .tS'1 6?'.?5 43.10 Gfl.G9 44.5. G9.38 46.94 71··31 
.·, .. ,, ,. .. ,. 

190 4J.26 ,,..,. ·44.40' cia.J9 ~-S.24 69.29 4?.65 '1'·'' ,··- P-

·200 45.11 ,,,.82 44.1'0 66.91. 4-4.92 61.66 47.-29 69.66 

-24 .. 
I 0 Ctrn~ 



2:0 0 

1 -+- 690'"f A 
. 0 

2 ~ 5'780 A 
. 0 

3~ 54,61 A 
Q 

1·9 4~ 4358 A 

i 
....--... 

(l) 

c 1'8 ... 
0 

c .___,. 

(f) 
Q) 
(.) 1'7 
u 
c 

Q) 

.~ 
+- 1'6 \.) 

0 
'-
'+-
Q) 

0::: 

1'5 

1.'4 '-------L----.l------1· -----~. ___ ~__ __ -..~ 
90 110 130 '150 170 '1~0 t~10 

• 0 

Temperature m c --

('. 

l'i 



3:2 ~--------~·----r--, 

2:8 
---0 
~ 
I 

<U 
~ -c 2.L, 

_..J 

'2 !-I ------±--------~-----+-_____. 
2 

L n ( Tc-T) 



t 
/"""'­

(\) 

a.. 
v 

"5 

l __ ~--Oo·a 

X-ray ddta 0-+ 

R \.data ·~ . 
_. --)> M.s. data 

0•9 



' 
References ............. " .. 

1. D.Bhatteobarjee, a.Paul and R.PaUl• Mo~~r.r~st.Liq. 

cryst.. !i• 181 ( 1982). 

W.naa~ie1 H.Paulne and H.!!.iiuller,fAo~.CrJ"st.Liq0 . . 

Oryst. !Z• 1'1 ( 198')• · 

'• A.~.Leadbtrt•ter,R.K.Riohardson and O.W.Ooo~ing. 

J.Pbye. (Paris), li• 37 ( 1915 ). 

4. Ret. 26 ot Chapter - 2. 

5. O.G.La ~'evre and R.J.W. Le ~ Fevre: Rev.Pure Appl. 

Cb~m. _!, 261 ( 1955)~ 

6 • R.J. W. L.e FeW'rGt Adv.l?h,-s.Org.Cbeas. l-• 1 ( 1965) • 

7. .D • .A.l>w'unur and A.E •. !fot~e•, Jlol..Or7st.Liq.c.ryst.2I, 

241. ( 198~). 

a. N. V .MMhusudana, R. Shas:Ldbar and s.Oba.ndrasekbttrp 

Kol.Cryst.liiq.·Cr¥et. J.~t~ 61 ( 1971 ). 

9. I.E •. I~:t.·abian and. \l.BaaeeJ J.De Physiqu•. Oollogu6), 

03 !q, 0:3-164 ( 1979). 

10. .ll.:Bh~ttaoharjee, s.Psu.l. end R.Paul., ilol.Cr.vet.Liq. 

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