EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY EDITED BY ERNEST RHYS HISTORY GROTE'S HISTORY OF GREECE IN TWELVE VOLS VOLUME ELEVEN THE PUBLISHERS OF €J7€1{YM.AJI(S LJB1{_.A1{_Y WILL BE PLEASED TO SEND FREELY TO ALL APPLICANTS A LIST OF THE PUBLISHED AND PROJECTED VOLUMES TO BE COMPRISED UNDER l'HE FOLLOWING TWELVE HEADINGS, TRAVEL v SCIENCE v FICTION THEOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY HISTORY ~ CLASSICAL FOR YOUNG PEOPLE ESSAYS ~ ORATORY POETRY & DRAMA BIOGRAPHY ROMANCE iN TWO STYLES OF BINDING, CLOTH, FLAT BACK, COLOURED TOP, AND LEATHER, ROUND CORNERS, GILT TOP. LoNDON: J. M. DENT & CO. NEw YoRK: E. P. DUTTON & CO. f"C riA ONSIDER . HISTORY ' WITM·TrlE BEGINNINGS· OF. IT· 5TRE..TCMING DIMLY· INTo ·Tt-lE REMOTE·TIME: IS ME.RGINC· DAR~ LY· OVT· QF~·THE MYSTER loVS ETERNITY:® ® · ~rlt:·TRVE··EPIC POE.M·AND~·VNI, VERSAL·DIVINE SC R,l P.TVR E .. · · ·"'~ , ~__,. ~--· (i;Y ~_/ ~' ~J '-"•.' ~CAR . ~ A HISTORY OF GREECE 1.6i.l~n\l BY GEORGE ~GROTE ' vqLV~E.:~¥HJOT2 ' .; . ~ _,.. ·.1' 24012 , '1 JUL 1968 RtcnARD CLA'I & SoN~. LIMIT BREAU STREET HILL, E.C., AN BUNGAY, SUFFOLK. CONTENTS OF VOL. XI PART !I.-HISTORICAL GREECE (Continued.) PAGE CHAPTER LXXXIII SICILIAN AFFAIRS (continued) - FROM THE DESTRUCTION OF THE CARTHA· GJNIAN ARMY BY PESTILENCE BEFORE SYRACUS·E, DOWN TO THE DEATH OF DIONYSIUS THE ELDER. B. c. 394-367 lrequent occurrence of pestilence among the Carthaginians~ not ex­ tending to the Greeks in Sicily . lutiny among the mercenaries of Dionysius- AristoteMs their com- • mander is sent away to Sparta ~ ·• ' 2- " f 'fficulties of Dionysius arising from 1is mercenaries-heavy burden of >!lying them . • , • . ib. .onysius re-estab)isbes Messl:nl! witb new inhabitants • . • . onquests of Dionysius in the interior ofSicily • , • , • . 4 .larm at Rheg~um-Dionysius attacks PAGE Greeks, for defence both against tJ:le Lucanians and against Dionysius. Dionysius allies himself with t}le Lucanians .• • • • Dionysius attacks Rhegium - tt1e Rhegines save the Krotoniate fleet -fleet of Dionysius ruined by a storm • • • ~ • Defeat of the inhabitants of Thurii l>Y the Lucanians. Leptinl!s with dl.e fleet of Dionysius off Laus-lJ.IS conduct towards the survivors • IO II 'Fi'esh .. expeditio·n of Dionysius against ' the I taliot ·Greeks-his powerfUl armament-he besieges Kaulonia • lb. United army of the Italiot Gree~s advances to relieve the place-the1r aavancea guard Is defeatea, a~& He18ris the general s1ain • • • 12 The whole army is defeated .utd captured by Dionysius• • • · 13 Generous lenity of Dionysius towards the prisoners • • • • • 14 the Sikel town of Tauromenium­ desperate defence of the Sikels- ~~i~~sius • is r~puls~d a~d:. :~~~ .. J)ionY.sius besieges Rhegium - fle ., 1 ~ ~ grai\ts lo them peace on severe z"b.' ·. " vternis ' • • • . • • 15 grigentum declares against Dionysius -reappearance of the Carthagmian army under Magon • • • • xpedition of Dionysius against Rhegium-he fails in surprising the town-he concludes a truce for one year • , , . , , , 6 [agon again takes the field at Agyrium -is repulsed by Dionysius-truce concluded , , . , . • ib. ~ionysius again attacks Tauromenium -captures it, drives out the Sikels, ~ nd plants new inhabitants , ns of Dionysius against the Greek ities in Southern Italy-great pres­ ure upon these cit1es from the amnites and Lucanians of the nterioY. • • • • • • 8 iance contracted among the Italiot He captures Kaulonia and Hipponium -inhabitants transported to Syracuse -territory made over to Lokri ·' £0. Artifices of Dionysius to impoverish and disarm the Rheg:ines • • · r5 He besieges Rhegium - desperate defence of the town under tlte general Phyton. Surrender of til• place from famine, after a blockade of eleven months • • • lb. Cruel treatment of Phyton by DionY· sius • . • . . • • 17 Streng sympathy excited by the fate of Phyton . . , , , • xS Rhegium dismantled-all the territofY of the southern Calabrian peninsula united to Lokri , , , • 19 Peace of Antalkidas-ascendent post· tion of Sparta and of Dionysi!IS• Vll • viii Contents PAGE Kroton conquered by Dionysius. Sflendid robe taken from the temple o Htre • . • • • • 20 Schemes of Dionysius for transmarine colonies and conquests, in Epirus and Illyria • • • . • 21 Dionysius plunders the coast of Latium and Etruria, and the rich temple of Agylla • • . • . • 22 Immense power o( Dionysius-his poetical compositions • • • 23 Olympic festival of 384 B.c., the first after the peace of Antalkidas. Dionysius sends thither a splendid legation-also chariots to run-and poetical compositions to he recited • 24 Feelings of the crowd at the festival- Dikon of Kaulonia • . • • 25 Harangue of Lysias at the festival against Dionysius, in reference to the political state of the Grecian world, and the sufferings of the enslaved Sicilians • • • • 26 Hatred of the past, and fear of the future conquests of Dionysius, both prevalent • • • • • . 27 Lysias exhorts his hearers to destroy the tents of the Syracusan legation , · at Olympia, as an act of retribution against Dionysius • • • • 28 Intense explosion of antipathy against the poems of Dionysius recited at Olympia-insults heaped upon his name and person • • . • 29 Excessive grief, wrath, and remorse, of Dionysius on hearing of this manifestation against him - his suspicions and cruelties • • • 30 Marked and singular character o£ the manifestation against Dionysius • 31 Plato visits Syracuse - is harshly treated by Dionysius-acquires great influence over Dion • . • • 34 New constructions and improvements by Dionysius at Syracuse • • 35 Intention of Dionysius to renew the war with Carthage . • • • 36 War with Carthage. Victory of Dionysius over the Carthaginian army under Magon • . • • 37 Second battle with the Carj:haginians at Kronium, in which Dionysius is defeated with terrible loss • • 38 He concludes peace with Carthage, on terms very unfavourable to himself: all the territory west of the river Halykus is surrendered to Carthage : he covenants to pay tribute to Car- thage • • . . • • ib. Affairs of Southern Italy: wall across the Calabrian peninsula projected, but not executed • • . • 39 Relations of Dionysius with Central Greece • • • . . • .. lb. New war undertaken by Dionysius against Carthage. He is at first successful, but is ultimately defeated near Lilyba::um, and forced to return home . 40 PAGY. D~n~h~usL~~~!nt?:st'i~{ ~{ X~l:~;, His joy at the news. He dies of fever soon afterwards 4l Character of Dionysius ih CHAPTER LXXXIV SICILIAN AFFAIRS AFTER THE DEATl OF"THR ELDERDIONYSI~DIONYSIU: THE YouNGER-AND DION Family left by Dionysius at his death 4f Dion-his connexion with the Dio· nysian family • . • 4~ Personal character of Dian • • St Plato, Dion, and the Pythagorean philosophers • • . • • ib Extraordmary influence of Plato upon Dian • • • • • • Dion learns to hate the Dionysian despotism-he conceives large politi· Al~:!~iinre~fmh~bftsvii:s Dio~-h; s: brings Plato into communication with Dion:rsius • • · . 5. Dian maintams the good opinion and confidence of Dionysius, until the death of the latter-his visits to Peloponnesus • • . • . 5· Death of the elder Dionysius-diver· gences of interest between the two lines of family • • • • • 5. The younger Dionysius succeeds his father-his character • • • ·it Conduct of Dion-he submits to the younger Dionysius-gives him frank and wholesome advice • • • 51 Dian acquires great influence and estimation from Dionysius • • 5 Recall of Philistus from exile • • 5: Dion tries to work upon the mind of Dionysius, towards a freer political government and mental improve- ment • • • • . • His earnest exhortations produce considerable effect, inspiring Dio­ nysius with a strong desire to see and converse with Plato • • . Invitation sent to Plato, both by Dion and by Dionysius • • • Hesitation of Plato-he reluctantly consents to visit Syracuse • • Plato visits Syracuse-unbounded deference and admiration mani­ fested towards him at first by Dionysius. Fear and hatred felt by Philistus and other courtiers • Injudicious manner in which Plato dealt with Dionysius • • Strenuous exhortations addressed by Plato and Dion to Dionysius, to reform himself, and correct his ow~ deep~seated mental imper .. fectlons • • • • • • Plato damps the inclination of Dio· nysius towards political good. Contents . lX PAGE If Plato had tried to impel Dionysius towards a ~ood practical use of his power, Dwnysius would at that time have obeyed him, with the aid ofDion • , • • • • 67 Difficulties which they would have encountered in trying to realise beneficent projects . • • • 6B Intrigues by Pbilistus and others to set Dionysius against Plato and Dion • , • • ih. Rel3.tioris between Dionysius and Dion - natural foundation for jealousy on the part of Dionysius • 69 D10nysius loses his inclinations to~ wards political improvements - comes to hate D ion . . . . 70 Banishment of Dian from Syracuse to Italy . • • • . • ib. Dionysius retains Plato in the aero~ polis, but treats him well, and tries to conciliate his esteem . . . 7 I He dismisses Plato-then recalls him -second visit of Plato to Syracuse - his dissatisfaction - Dionysius refuses to recall Dian . . . 72 Dionysius confiscates the property of Dian-mortification of Plato, who with difficulty obtains leave to depart from Syracuse . . . 73 Resolution of Dion to avenge himself on Dionysius, and to force his way ' back to Syracuse by arms . . 74 ~ lato rejoins Dion in Peloponnesus -exasperation of Dion-Dionysius gives his sister Aret~, the wife of Dion, in marriage to Timokrat~s . ib. Vleans of auxiliaries of Dion-Plato -the Academy-Alkimenes. Dion , musters his force at Zakynthus . 75 Small force of Dion against the pro. digious power ?f Dionysius. Reso­ lution of Dion to conquer or perish. 76 Circumstances which told against Dionysius-discontent at Syracuse . ib. Herakleidf:s exiled from Syracuse­ he projects an attack upon Diony- sius, at the same time as 'Dion . 77 Weakness of character-dissolute and drunken habits-of Dionysius him- self • . • • . • . 7B Alarm of the soldiers of Dion at Zakynthus, when first informed that they were going against Dionysius . z'O. Eclipse of the moon-religious dis­ quietude of the soldiers-they are re-assured by the prophet Miltas­ fortunate voyage from Zakynthus to Sicily • . • • · • 79 Dion lands at Herakleia-he learns that Dionysius with a large fleet bas just quitted Syracuse for Italy . So March of Dion from Herakleia to Syracuse . • . . . . Bx Dion croSses the river Anapus, and approaches the gates of Syracuse . ib. Mistake of Timokrates, left as go· vernor of Syracuse in the absence of Dionysius 82 PAGK General rising of the Syracusans to welcome and assist Dion. Timo­ krates is obliged to evacuate the city, leaving Ortygia , and Epipol"' garrisoned . • • • . 83 Entry of Dion into Achradina-joy of the citizens-he proclaims liberty S4 Dion presents himself at the Pen­ tapyla in front of Ortygia-challen· ges the garrison of Ortygia to come out and fight-is chosen (':eneral by the Syracusans, with hiS brother Megaklas • • . • • to, Dion captures Epipolre and Euryalus. He erects a cross-wall from sea to sea, to block up Ortygia • • • 8s Return of Dionysius to Syracuse. He tries to negotiate with Dian and the Syracusans-deceives them by fallacious propositions • . 86 Sudden sally made by Dionysius to surprise the blockading wall-he is nearly successful- great bravery, efforts, and danger of Dian-he at length repulses the attack and recovers tlie wall • . • • 87 Ortygia is again blocked up by land -efforts of Dionysius with h1s fleet -arrival of Herakleides from Peloponnesus with a fleet to CO· operate against Dionysius . . 89 Arrival of Philistus wttb his fleet to the aid of Dionysius. 13att1e in the Great Harbour between the fleet of Philistus and that of the Syracusans -Philistus is defeated and slain • 90 The Dionysian dynasty almost perished with Philistus , , • ib. Intrigues of Dionysius against Dian in Syracuse • . . . . ib. Relationship of Dion to the Dionysian dynasty - suspicions entertained against him by the Syracusans-his haughty manners. Rivalry of Herakleides • • . • . 9' Herak1eid~s is named admiral. Dion causes him to be deposed, and then moves himself for his re-appoint· ment . . . • • . ib. lritrigues and calumnies raised against Dion in Syracuse, by the manage· ment of Dionysius . . • . 92 Mistrust of Dion by the Syracusans, mainly in consequence of his relationship to the Dionysian family. Calumnies of Si'>sis • • 93 Further propositions of Dion;rsius.' He . goes away from Ortygta to Italy, leaving his son Apollokrates in command of the garrison . 94 Increased dissension between Dion and Herakleides-Dion is deposed, and his soldiers deprived of the pay due to them-new generals are named . . . . . . t'b. Dion is forced to retreat from Syra· cuse - bad conduct of the new generals and of the people towards his soldiers-he defends himself, • X Contents PAGE but refuses to employ any more force than was es~ential to defence • 95 Dion reaches Leontini-tbe Leontines stand by him against the Syra~ cusans-arrival of Nypsius with a reinforcement to the Dionysian garrison in Ortygia • • • . ib. Advantage gained by Herakleides and the Syracusans over N ypsius as he came mto Ortygia-extravagant confidence in Syracuse-Nypsius sallies forth from Ortygia, masters the blockading wall, and forces his way into N eaJ?olis and Achradina . g6 Danger and d1stress of the Syra~ cusans-they send to Leontim to invoke the aid of Dion • • • 97 Assembly at Leontini - pathetic address of Dion • • • . ib. Emotion of the soldiers of Dian and of the Leontines-their eagerness to go to the aid of Syracuse • . gS Reluctance of Herakleides to let Dion into Syracuse -renewed assault and incre~ed danger from N ypsius­ unammous prayers now sent to invite Dian • • • • • 99 Entrance of Dion into Syracuse-he draws up his troops on Epipolre. Frightful condition of the city . ib. Dion drives back Nypsius and his troops into Ortygia-heextinguishes the flames and preserves Syracuse • xoo Universal gratitude and admiration on the part of the Syracusans, towards Dian. HerakleidCs and Theodl'tes throw themselves upon his mercy, and entreat his forgiveness tot Dion pardons Herakleid~s-his ex· positton of motive& • • • • £b. Remarkable features in this act of Dian • • • • • . 102 Dion re-establishes the blockade of Ortygia, and ransoms the captives taken . • • • • • 103 Dian named general on land, at the motion of Herakleides, who is con· tinued in his command of the fleet • £0. Dangerous intrigues and dissensions, raised by HerakleidCsagainst Dian. The operations against Dionysius are frustrated • • . • • 104 Attempt to supersede Dian through Gresylus the Spartan-good con· duct of Gresylus . • • • ib. Surrender of Ortygia by Apollokrates to Dian • . . . • • xos Entry of Dion into Ortygia-resto­ ratwn of his wife-speedy death of his son • • • • • . i6. Conduct of Dion in the hour of triumph • • • • • • xo6 Suspicions previously entertained respecting Dian - that he was aiming at the despotism for himself -confirmed by his present conduct ib. He retains his dictatorial power, with the fortress and garrison of Ortygia -he grants no freedom to Syracuse 107 PAGI Intention ofDion to constitute himself king, with a Lykurgean scheme of ~overnment and disciJ?line • . xo: Mistake of Dian as to h1s position • rof Dion takes no step to realise any measure of popular liberty • . ib. Opposition raised against Dion by Herakleides - impatience of the Syracusans to see the demolition of the Dionysian strongholds and funereal monument . • • . 109 Dion causes Herakleid~s to be pri· vately slain • • • . . no Increased oppressions of Dian-hatred entertained against him in Syracu5e 1 I r Disquietude and irritability of Dian on account of his unpopularity . ib. Conspiracy of Kallippus against hirn -artifices and perJury • • • z"h. Kallippus causes Dion to be assas· sinated • . . . . . II2 Life, sentiments, and altered position, of Dian • II3 CHAPTER LXXXV SICILIAN AFFAIRS DOWN TO THE CLOSE OF THE EXPEDITION OF TIMOLEON. B.C. 353-336 Position and prospects of Kallippus, after the assassination of DioP • ns He continues master of Syracuse more than a year. His misrule. Return of Hipparinus son of Dionysius to ~ Syracuse. Expulsion of Kallippus. 1 I Miserable condition of Syracuse and Sicily, as described by Plato • . n~ Plato's recommendations fruitless­ state of Syracuse grows worse. Dionysius returns to Ortygia, ex. pelling Hipparinus • . • • nS Drunken habits of the Dionysian princes • • • • • . 119 Lokri-dependency and residence of the younger Dionysius . • • ib. Suffermgs of the I taliot Greeks from the Lucanians and Bruttians of the interior • • • • • . ~·b. Dionysius at Lokri-his unpopularity and outrageous misrule-cruel re· taliation of the Lokrians upon his female relatives • • • • 120 Distress of the Syracusans- fresh danger from Carthage. They in. voke the aid of Hiketas-in concert with Hiketas, they send to entreat aid from Corinth . • . . 121 Secret alliance of Hiketas with the Carthaginians-he conspires to de. feat the application to Corinth • iO. Application from Syracuse favourably received by the Corinthians-vote passed to grant aid • . . . 122 Difficulty in finding a Corinthian leader -most of the leading citizens decline - Timoleon is proposed and chosen iO. Contents Xl PAGE Antecedent life and character of Timoleon • • . . • . 122 His conduct towards his brother Timo­ phan~s, whose life he saves in battle z23 T1mopbanes makes himself despot, and commits gross oppression­ Timoleon with two companions puts him to death . • ; • . 124 Beneficial effects of the act upon Corinth-sentiment towards Ti- moleon • • • • • . 125 Bitter reproach of Timoleon by his mother . • • • '· • 126 Intense mental distress of Timoleon. He shuts himself up and retires from public life . • • • ,. . ib. Different judgements:or modern and ancient minds on the act ofTimoleon. : Comments of Plutarch • • . r27 trimoleon is appointed commander to Syracuse-he accepts the command -admonition of Telekleides • • r2S Preparations made by Timoleon-bis scanty means-he engages some of the Phokian mercenaries • • . ib. ad promise of the expedition-second message from Hiketas, withdrawing himself from the Corinthian aHiance, and desiring that no troops might be sent to Sicily . • . • • 129 '"'imoleon sets out for Sicily with a - small squadron-favourable omens and oracular answers from the gods ib. ~imoleon arrives at Rhegium-is pre­ vented from reaching Sicily by a Carthaginian fleet of superior force -insidious message from Hiketas • 130 ~atagem of Timoleon to get across o Sicily, in ~allusion with the Rbegines • • . • • . ib. rublic meeting in Rhegium-Timo­ leon and the Carihaginians both present at it-long speeches, during which Timoleon steals away, con­ triving to send his fleet over to Sicily 131 'imoleon at Tauromenium in Sicily­ formidable strength of his enemies­ despots in Sicily-despondericy at Syracuse • • • • . . I32 'uccess of Timoleon at Adranum. He surprises and defeats the troops of Hiketas, superior in number • • 133 mproved position and alliances of Tiw moleon-he marches up to the walls of Syracuse • • . . . 134 osition of Dionysius in Ortygia-he resolves to surrender that fortress to Timoleon, stipulating for safe con- veyance and shelter at Corinth • 135 Timoleon sends troops to occupy · Ortygia, receiving Dionysius into his camp • • • . . . r 36 Timoleon sends news of his success to Corinth, with Dionysius himself in a trireme • • • • • • 137 Great effect{roduced at Corinth-con· fidence o the citizens-reinforce- ment sent to Timoleon • • • ib. Sight of the fallen Dionysius at Corinth PAGE -impression made upon the Greeks -numerous visitors to see him. Conversation with Aristoxenus • 138 Immense advantage derived by Time­ leon from the possession of Ortygia -numerous stores found in it • . 140 Large Carthaginian armr undctr Ma­ gon arrives to aid m attacking Ortygia. Defeated by Neon, dur­ in~ the absence of Magon and H1ketas. Neon acquires Achradina, and joins it by a line of wall to Ortygia • • • • • • rp Return of Magon and Hiketas to Syracuse-increased difficult¥ of their proceedings, since the Vlctory of Neon • • • • • . q.2 Return of Timoleon to Syracuse­ fortunate march and ani val of the Corinthian reinforcement • . ib. Messene declares in favour ofTimoleon -he establishes his camp near Syra· cuse • • • • • • • 143 Magon distrusts Hiketas and his position at Syracuse-be suddenly withdraws his army and fleet, lea v- ing Syracuse altogether • • • t"b. Timoleon masters EpipoJa: and the whole city of Syracuse-Hiketas is obliged to escape to Leontini . 144 Languid defence made by the troops of Hiketas • • • • • I45 Great effect produced by the news that Timoleon was master of Syracuse • t"b. Extraordinary admiration felt towards Timoleon-especially for the dis~ tinguished favour shown to him by the gods • . . • • • 146 Timoleon ascribes ali his successes to the gods • • . • • • I47 Temptations to Timoleon in the hour of success-easy possibility of mak .. ing himself despot of Syracuse • t"b. Timoleon invites the Syracusans to demolish the Dionysian stronghold in Ortygia • . • • • t4S He erects courts of justice on the site 149 Desolate condition of Syracuse and other cities in Sicily. Recall of exiles. Application on the part of Timoleon and the Syracusans to Corinth • • • • • • 150 Cornmissionel's sent from Cornith to Syracuse-they revive the laws and democracy enacted by Diokl!s-but with various changes and additions 151 Pc:ve:t;v at Syracu~e-necessity for mvltmg new colomsts . • • 152 Large body of new colonists assembled at Corinth for Sicily • • • z"b. Influx of new colonists into Sicily from all quarters • • • • • 153 Relief to the poverty of Syracuse • I 54 Successes ofTimoleon agamst Hiketas, Le.etines, and other despots in Sictly • • • • • • t"b. Hiketas invites the Carthaginians again to invade Sicily • • • ib. The Carthaginians land in Sicily with .. Xll Contents PAGE a vast army, including a large pro· portion of native troops • • • 155 Timoleon marches from Syracuse against the Carthaginians-mutiny of a portion ofbis mercenaries under Thrasius • • • • • • i!J. Timoleon marches into the Cartha­ ginian province---omen about the parsley • • • • • • I56 He encounters the Carthaginian army while passing the Krim!sus. War chariots in their front-Timoleon orders his cavalry to charge . . 157 Strenuous battle between the infantry of Timoleon and the native Cartba~ ginian infantry. Terrible storm- complete victory of Timoleon • • 158 Severe loss of the Carthaginians in the battle, especially of their native troops. Immense booty collected by the soldiers of Timoleon • • 159 Discouragement and terror among the defeated army, as well as at Carthage itself. . • • . . • x6o Great increase of glory to Timoleon­ favour of the gods shown to him in the battle • • • . • . x6x Timoleon returns to Syracuse-he dis­ misses Thrasius and the mercenaries who had deserted him-he sends them out of Sicily-their fate • • 162 Success of Timoleon against Hiketas and Mamerkus • • • • th. Victory gained by Timoleon over Hiketas_. at the river Damurius . r63 Timoleon attacks Hiketas at Leontini. Both the place and Hiketas in per­ son are surrendered to Timoleon by the garrison. Hiketas and his family are J!Ut to death • • • x64 Timoleon gams a victory over Ma­ merkus~·he concludes peace with the Carthaginians • • . • ib. Timoleon conquers and takes prisoners Mamerkus and Rippon. Mamerkus is condemned by the Syracusan public assembly . • • • 165 Timoleon puts down all the despots in Sicily • • • • • • x66 Timoleon lays down his power at Syra- cuse • • • • • • • lb. Gratitude and reward to him by the Syracu.sans • • . • . 167 Great influence of Timoleon, even after he had laid down his power . ib. Immigration of new Greek settlers into Sicily, to Gela, Agrigentum, Kamarina, &c. • • • • r68 Value and importance of the moral ascendency enjoyed by Timoleon, in regulating these new ~ettlements . 169 Numerous difficulties which he would be called upon to adjust • • • 170 Residence of Timoleon at Syracuse­ chapel to the goddess Automatia • 171 Arrival of the blind Timoleon in the public assembly of Syracuse, during matters of grave and critical dis. cussion • 172 PAGl Manner in which Timoleon bore con. tradiction in the public assembly­ his earnest anxiety to ensure freedom of speech against himself • • z .. Uncorrupted moderation and public spirit of Timoleon • • • 17: Xeno{'honic ideal-command over · willmg free men-qualities, positive as well as negative-of Timoleon • 171 Freedom and comfort diffused through· out all Sicily for twenty.four years, until the despotism of Agathokl!s • ib Death and obsequies of Timoleon • 17! Proclamation at his funeral-monu- ment to his honour . • • £b. Contrast o£ Dian and Timoleon • 17C CHAPTER LXXXVI CENTRAL GREECE : THE ACCESSION OF PHILIP OF MACEDON TO THE BIRTH OF ALEXANDER. 359-356 B.C. Central Greece resumed • • • 177 State of Central Greece in 36o-359 B.c. Degradation of Sparta . • • 17E I\legalopolis-1\llessCnC-their fear of Sparta~no central action in Pelo· ~ ponnesus • • • • 171 Corinth, Sikyon, &c. • • ib. Comparatively good con.ditio~ of Athens . • • 18o Power of Thebes • • • • . ib. Extinction of the free cities of Bceotia by the Thebans-repugnant to Grecian feeling ~ . • • 18~ 1 Thessaly-despots of Pherre . . x8, Alexander of Pher~his cruelties-~ his assassination . . • . :'h. Tisiphonus despot at Pherre-loss of power in the Pherrean dynasty • 184 Macedon-reign and death of Per. dikkas • • • • • • x85l Philip as a youth at Thebes-ideas ' there acquired-foundation laid of his future military ability . . x86 Condition of Phihp at the death of ~ Perdikkas • • • . • • x8 Embarrassments and dangers with which he had to contend • • • 1 Macedonian government • • • Proceedings of Philip against his numerous enemies. His success- Thracians-Athenians • • • 191 He evacuates Amphipolis. He defeats the Athenians and Argreans-his mild treatment of Athenian prisoners iO. Philip makes peace with Athens­ renounces his claim to Amphipolis . 192 Victories of Philip over the Pa:onians and lllyrians • • • • . ib Amphipolis evacuated by Philip-the · Athenians neglect it • • • • 194 State of Eubrea-the Thebans foment revolt and attack the island- victorious efforts of Athens • • 195 Surrender of the Chersonese to Athens 197 Contents xiii PAGB Social War-Cbios, Kos, Rhodes, and Byzantium revolt froni Athens. • :197 Sa uses of the Social War-conduct of 'the Athenians-Synod at Athens . 198 .. chens acts more for her own separate . interests, and less for that of her allies- her armaments on service­ badly paid mercenaries - their extortions • .. . . • . ib. The four cities declare themselves independent of Athens-interference of the Kaxian Mausblus • • • 199 Great force of the revolters - armament despatched by Athens against Chios-battle at Chios­ repulse of the Athenians, and death of Chabrias • • • • . 200 Further armaments of Athens­ Iphikrates, Timotheus, and Chares unsuccessful operations in the Hellespont, and quarrel between the generals t , • • 201 lphikrates and Timotheus are ac- cused by Chares at Athens • • 202 I phikrates is acquitted, Timotheus is fined and retires from Athens • • 203 Arrogance and unpopularity of Timotheus, attested by his friend t IsokratCa • • • • • , 204 xile of Timotbeus-his death soon afterwards . • . • . 205 phikrat€s no more employed-great : loss to Athens in these two generals 207 1Expedition of Char€s-Athens makes t peace with her revolted allies, re• cognising their full autonomy • • ib. nd of the Social War-great loss of power to Athens • , • . 208 , enewed action of Philip. He lays ! siege to Amphipolis • • • • 209 T~~!mfr~~~ol~fu:::~~~~~s:v~::is~f Philip to induce Athens not to I interfere • • • , , . t'b. The Athenians determined not to assist Amphipolis-their motives- importance of this resolution . • 2zo Capture of Amphipolis by Philip, through the treason of a party in the town. • • . . • • 2II ',Eportance of Amphipolis to Philip­ . ·disappointment of the Athenians at r this breach of promise • . • ib. Philip amuses the Athenians with false assurances-he induces· them to ' reject advances from the Olynthians proposed exchange of Pydna for Amphipolis • • , . . 212 Philip acts in a hostile manner against Ath~ns-he conquers Pydna and Potidrea-gives Potidrea to the Olynthians- remissness of the Athenians • • • . • • 213 Increase of the l'ower of Philip-be founds Philippi, opens gold mines near Mount Pangreus, and derives lar~e revenues from them . , 215 Marnage of Philip with Olympias­ birth of Alexander the Great • · , 216 PAGE CHAPTER LXXXVII FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE SACRED WAR TO THAT OF THE OLVNTHIAl'i WAR Causes of the Sacred War-the Am· phiktyonic assembly • • • 2I7 Political complaint brought before the assembly, first by Thebes against Sparta • • • • • • 2x8 Next, by Thebes against the Phokians. The Phokians are condemned and heavily fined •. • • • • 219 The assembly pass a vote consecrating R!~~t!:f~:~r t~~r~h~ki~~io0~1:sist_: 220 Philomelus their leader • • • to. Question of right raised as to the presidency of the temple-old right of the Phokians against that of the Delphians and the Amphiktyons • 221 Active measures taken by Philomelus. He goes to Sparta-obtains aid from king Archidamus. He seizes Delphi -defeats the Lokrians • . . 222 Pbilomelus fortifies the temple-levies numerous mercenaries-tries to con~ ciliate Grecian sentiment. The Grecian world divided • . • 223 Philomelus tries to keep the prophetic agency going-conduct of the Pythia 224 Battles of Philomelus against the Lokrians-his success • • • 225 Exertions of the Thebans to raise a confederacy against the Phokians • 226 Danger of the Phokians-tbey take part of the treasures of the temple, m order to pay a mercenary force . z'O. Numerous mercenaries employed by the Phokians-violence and ferocity of the war-defeat and death of Philomelus • • • • . 228 Onomarchus general of the Phokians -he renews the war-his power by means of the mercenaries . . • 229 Violent measures of Onomarchus-he employs the treasures of the temple to scatter bribes through the various cities . • • • • • 230 Successes of Onomarchus-be ad· vances as far as Thermopylre-he invades Bceotia-is repulsed by the Tbebans • • • • , . ib. The Thebans send a. force under PammenCs to assist Artabazus in Asia Minor • • • • • 231 Conquest of Sestos by Chares and the Athenians. . • . • 232 Intrigues of Kersobleptes against Athens-be is compelled to cede to her his portion of the Chersonese­ Athenian settlers sent thither as well as to Samos · . • • • . £6. Activity and constant progress of Philip-he conquers MethOn~ remissness of Athens • • • 233 Philip marches into Thessaly against the despots of Pher:e • 235 XIV Contents PAGE Great power of Onomarchus and the Phokians-plans of Athens and Sparta-the Spartans contemplate )lostilities against Megalopolis . 235 Fust appearance of Demosthen~s as a public adviser in the Athenian assembly . • • • . . 236 Parentage and early youth of Demo­ sthenes-wealth of his father--dis· honesty of his guardians • . ib. Youth of Demosthenes-sickly and feeble constitution-want of physical education and bodily vigour • . 238 Training of Demosthenes for a speaker-his instructors-Isreus­ Plato-his devoted study of Tbucy· dides. • • • • • • 240 Indefatigable efforts of Demosthenes to surmount his natural defects as a speaker • . • . • • 242 Value set byDemosthenes upon action in oratory. His mind and thoughts -bow formed . • • • 243 He becomes first known as a logo-­ grapher or composer of speeches for speakers and litigants • . • 244 Phokion-his antithesis and ri-valry with Demosthenes-his character and position-his bravery and in.- ' tegrity • • • • • • 245 Lasting hold acquired by his integrity on the public at Athens. Number of times that he was elected general 246 His manner of speaking-effective brevity-contempt of oratory . • 247 His frankness-h1s contempt of the Athenian people-his imperturb· ahility-bis repulsive manners . . 24B Pbokion and Eubulus the leaders of the peace-party, which represented the strongly predominant sentiment at Athens • . . . . • 249 Influence of Phokion mischievous during the reign of Philip-at that time Athens might have prevailed over Macedonia • • • • ib. Change in the military spirit of Greece since the Peloponnesian war. Decline of the citizen soldiership: increased spread of mercenary troops. Contrast between the Perz .. klean and the Demosthenic citizen . 250 Decline of military readiness also among the Peloponnesian allies of Sparta • • • • • . 252 Multiplication of mercenary soldiers- its mischievous consequences­ necessity of providing emigration • i6. Df~~~~o~~~~~edf atthili?::~:~i:~i!..i~ the great development of the Mace- danian force • • • • • 2 54 Rudeness and poverty of the Mace. donians-excellent material for sole diers~organising genius of Philip_ . ih. First parliamentary harangue of Dee mosthen!s-on the Symmories- alarm felt about Persia • • 256 Positive recommendations in the PAGE speech-mature thought and saga. c1ty which they imply • • . Z57 His proposed preparation and scheme for extending the basis of the Sym· mories • • • • • • 258 Spirit of the Demosthenic exhorta· tions-always impressing the neces· sity of personal effort and sacrifice as ~ conditions of success • • • 25~ Affairs of Peloponnesus-projects of l Sparta against Megalopolis-her attempt to obtain co-operation from ~ vi!!.~e:;d re~om~end~tion; or Demo: 2 6o ~ sthenes-he advises that Athens shall ~ uphold Messene and Megalopolis • 261 Philip in Thessaly-he attacks Lyko· phron of Pherre, who calls in Onoe I marcbus and the Phokians-Ono· marcbus defeats Philip • • . 262 Successes of Onomarchus in Bceotia­ maximum of the Phokian power . 263 Philip re.Pairs his forces and marches again mto Thessaly-his complete victory over the Phokians-Onoe marchus is slain . • • . ib . . i Philip conquers Pherre and Pagasre- , becomes master of all ThessaJy ......... ex- pulsion of Lykophron • , • 26 Philip invades Thermopylre-the Athenians send a force thither and arrest his progress. Their alarm at this juncture, and unusual rapidity of movement • .. ~ • . 266 Phayllus takes the command of the Phokians-third spoliation of the ;hot1i~;_:_~vai~er:!~i~;th off ~~: leaders • . • • • • 267 War in Peloponnesus-the Spartans attack Megalopolis-interference of Thebes • • . • • • 269 Hostilities with indecisive result- ~ peace concluded-autonomy of , Megalopolis again recognised. . 270 1 Ill-success of the Phokians in Bceotia j -death ofPhayllus, who is succeeded by Phalrekus • • • • • 271 The Thebans obtain money from the Persian king • • • • • ib. Increased power and formidable atti. tude of Philip. Alarm which he now begins to inspire throughout the Grecian world • • • .. .. 27z Philip acquires a considerable naval power-lmportance of the Gulf of Pagas~ to him-his flying squadrons annoy the Athenian commerce and coast. • • • • • • 273 Philip carries on war in Thrace-his intrigues among the Thracian princes • • • • • . 275 He besieges Her~on Teichos : alarm at Athens : a decree is passed to send out a fleet : Philip falls sick : the fleet is not sent • . • • lb. Popularity of the mercenary general Charidemus-vote in hts favour proposed by Aristokratas-speecb • Contents XV PAGE ~omposed by Demosthen~s against It • • • • • • • 276 ... anguor of the Athenians-the prin~ cipal peace-leaders, Eubulus, Pho· kion, &c., r.ropose nothing energetic against Phtlip-Demosthenc!s under- takes the duty • • • • • 277 i'irst Philippic of Demosthenes, 352- 35r B.C. • • • • • • 279 {emarks and recommendations of the first Philippic. Severe comments on the J?ast apathy of the people • • 28o {e inststs on the necessity that citizens shall serve in person, and proposes the formation of an acting fleet and armament~ • • • • • tb. lis financial propositions . . . 281 l!ischiefs of the past negligence and want of preparation-harm done by the mercenary unpaid armaments, serving without citizens . . . 282 :haracteristics of the first Philippic­ prudent advice and early warnings of Demosthenes . • . . 283 ldvice of DemostbenCs not carried into effect : no serious measures adopted by Athens . • . • 285 lpponents of Demosthen~s at Athens -speakers in the pay of Philip- ! alarl!l about the Persian king still contmues . . t"b. CHAPTER LXXXVIII Eunmc AND OLVNTHIAN WARS :hange of sentiments at Olynthus­ the Olynthians afraid of Philip-they make peace with Athens . . . 286 J nfriendly feelings of Philip towards Olynthus-ripening into · war in 350 B.C. • • • • • • 287 ~ugitive half-brothers of Philip obtain shelter at Olynthus • • • . 288 ntrigues of Philip in Olynthus-his means of corruptton and of fomenting intestine discord . . . ,,.;289 ;on quest and destruction of the Olyn· thian confederate towns bY. Philip, between 350-347 B. c.-temble phre- nomena . . • . • . 290 'hilip attacks the Olynthians and Chalkidians-beginning of the Olyn- thian war-350 B. c. . . . . t"b • ."he Olynthians conclude alliance with Athens • • • • • • 292 Lhe Athenians contract alliance with Olynthus-earliest Olynthiac speech of Demosthen~s • • • • 293 ~he second Olynthiac is the earliest- its tone and tenor . . . . t"6. lisposition to magnify the practical effect of the speeches ofDemosthen@s -his true position-he is an opposi· tion-speaker . . . . . 295 >hilip continues to press the Olynthian confederacy-increasing danger of PAGE Olynthus-fresh applic~tions to Athens • • • • • • 296 D~hl~~t~;:t~~n~~~v:;~hi~ht~~d?!fr~; in the printed order. Its tenor • 297 Just apprec;iation of the situation by Demosthenes. He approaches the question of the The6ric Fund . • 298 Assistance sent by Athens to Olynthus. Partial success against Philip . . 300 Partial and exaggerated. confidence at Athens. The Athenians lose si!lht of the danger of Olynthus. Th~rd Olynthiac of Demosthenes • . ib. Tenor and substance of the third Olyn· thiac. • • • . . . 301 Courage of Demosthen~s in combating the prevailing sentiment . . 304 Revolt of Eubrea from Athens • ib. Intrigues of Philip in Eubrea • • 305 Plutarch of Eretria asks aid from Athens. Aid is sent to him under Phokion, though Demosthen@s dis- suades it . . . . . • ill. Treachery of Plutarch-danger ofPho­ kion and the Athenians in Eubcea- victory·of Phokion at Tamyme • 306 Dionysiac festival at Athens m March 349 a.c.-Insult offered to Demo- sthen~s by Meidias • • • • 307 Reproaches against Demosthen@s for having been absent from the battle of Tamynre-he goes over on service to Eubcea as a hoplite-he is named senator for 349-348 B.c. • • 308 Hostilities in Euboea, during 349- 348 B.C. • • • • • • 309 Great efforts of Athens in 349 B.C. for the support of Olynthus and the maintenance of Eubcea at the same time . . . . . . . 310 Financial embarrassments of Athens. Motion of Apollodorus about the The6ric Fund. The assembly appro· priate the surplus of revenue to mili· tary purposes-Apollodorus is in· dieted and fined • . • • 3U The diversion of the The6ric Fund proves the great anxiety of the mo- ment at Athens. . • • . 312 Three expeditions sent by Athens to Chalkidike in 349-348 B.c.-accord- ing to Philochorus r. • . . 3r3 Final success of Philip-capture of the Chalkidic towns and of Olynthus • 314 Sale of the Olynthian prisoners-ruin of the Greek cities in Chalkidike • 315 Cost incurred hy Athens in the Olyn- thian war • • • • • • 3r6 The6ric Fund-not appropriated to war purposes until a little before the battle of Chreroneia . . . , llJ. Views respecting the The6ric Fund • 317 It was the general fund of Athens for religious festivals and worship-dis· tributions were one .Part of it­ character of the anc1ent religious festivals • • • • • • 318 No other branch of the Athenian peace- • • XVI Contents PAGK establishment was impoverished or sacrificed to the The6ric expendi- ture . • • • . . . 318 The annual surplus might have been accumulated as a war-fund-how far Athens is blameable for not having done so • • • • . • 3'9 Attempt of the Athenian property­ classes to get clear of direct taxation by taking from the The6ric Fund • 320 Conflict of these two feelings at Athens. Demosthenes tries to mediate be­ tween them-calls for sacrifices Cram all, especially personal military ser· vice . • • • • • • ib. Appendix on the order of the Olynthiac Orations of Demosthenes. • • 322 CHAPTER LXXXIX FROM THE CAPTURE OF 0LYNTHUS TO THE TERMINATION OF 'l'HR SACRED WAR BY PHILIP Sufferings of the Olynthians and Chal­ kidians-triumph and festival of Philip • • . • • • 326 Effect produced at Athens by the cap­ ture of Olynthus-especially by the number of Athenian captives taken in it • • • • • • · 327 Energetic language of Eubulus and lEschin~s against Philip • , • 328 Increased importance of .lEschines • ih. iEscbines as envoy of Athens in Arcadia • . • • • . 329 Increasing despondency and desire for peace at Athens • • • • 330 Indirect overtures for peace between Athens and Philip, even before the fall of Olynthus-the Eubreans- Phrynon, &c. • • . . • 33' First proposition of Philokrates­ granting permission to Philip to send envoys to Athens • • • 332 Effect produced upon the minds of the Athenians by their numerous captive citizens taken by Philip at Olynthus 333 Mission of the actor Aristodemus from the Athenians to Philip, on the sub­ ject of the captives. Favourable dispositions reported from Philip • 33• Course of the Sacred War-gradual decline and impoverishment of the Phokians. Dissensions among them· selves • • . • • • 335 Party opposed to Phalrekus in Phokis -Phahekus is deposed-he con· tinues to hold Thermopylre with the mercenaries • • • • • i!J. The The bans invoke the aid of Philip to put down the Phokians • • 336 Alarm among the Phokians-one of the Phokian parties invites the Athenians to occupy Thermopyl"' -Phalzkus repels them • • • 337 Increased embarrassment at Athen~- PAC uncertainty about Phalrekus and the pass of Thermopylre • • • 3·. The defence of Greece now turned on · Thermopylre---importance of that pass both to Philip and to Athens • 3' Motion of PhilokratSs in t4e Athenian • assembly-to send envoys to Philip for peace • • • • • • 34 Ten Athenian envoys sent-Demo­ sthenes and .iEschines among them. t"t Journey of the envoys to Pella • • 34 Statements of A':schinSs about the conduct of Demostben~s-arrange­ ments of the envoys for speaking before Philip • • , • • i< Harangue addressed by lEschines to Philip a bout Am phi polis. Failure of DemosthenSs in his speech • • 34 Answer of Philip-return of the envoys z"t Review of .IEschines and his conduct, as stated by himself. • • • 34 Philip offers peace on the terms oC uti possz'detis-report made r 1 the Athenian envoys on their ret .trn • 3-f Proceedings in the Athenian; sembly after the return of the env .ys-mo• tions of Demosthenes • • • 3-t Arrival of the Macedonian envoys at Athens-days fixed for discussing the peace • • • • • 34 Resolution taken by the synod of allies at Athens • • • • • il Assemblies held to discuss the peace, in presence of the Macedonian envoys . • . • • • 34 Philokrates moves to conclude peace and alliance with Philip. He pro· poses to exclude the Phokians sped· ally • • • • • • • 35' Part taken by Ai:•chin~ and Demo­ sthenes in reference to this motion. Contradictions between tht!m • • t"l lEschines supported the motion of Philokrates altogether- Demo­ sthenes supported it also, e"cept as to the exclusion of the Phokians- language of Eubulus • . • 35 Motion of Philokrates carried in the assembly, for peace and alliance with Philip • • • • • • 35· Assembly to provide ratification and swearing of the treaty • • • ib Question, Who were to be received as allies of Athens ?-about the Pho- kians and Kersoblept@s • • • 35' The envoy of Kersoblept@s is admitted, · both by the Athenian assembly and by the Macedonian envorcs • • 35! T~:s~~c:3~i:~heePh~k~a:;ma~ly re: a·b Difficulty of Philokrat~ and lEschines about the admission. Their false assurances about the secret good in· tentions of Philip towards the Pho- kians • • • • • • lb. The Phokians are tacitly excluded­ the Athenians and their allie1 swear to the peace without them • • 351 Ruinous mistake-false step of Athens Contents XVll PAGE n abandoning the Phokians-Demo· ;thenes did not protest against it at :he time • • • • • • 358 te oaths are taken before Antipater, 'xcluding the Phokians • . . 359 oond embassy from Athens to Philip 36o :mosthenes urges the envoys to go mmediately to Thrace in order to •dminister the oath to Philip-they refuse-their delay on the journey md at Pella • • • • • t'b. ilip completes his conquest of rhrace during the interval • . iO. 11bassies from many Grecian states •t Pella • • • • • . 363 nsultations and dissensions among he ten Athenian envoys-views :aken by lEschines of the ambassa· lorial duties • . . . . rD. ,e envoys address Philip-harangue >f lEschines • • • • • 3&4 sition of Demosthenes in this second :mbassy • • • • • • io. 1rch of Philip to Thermopyl.,_he nasks his purposes, holding out de· usive hopes to the opposing parties. :ntrigues to gain his favour . . 365 e envoys administer the oaths to >hiJip at Pherre, the last thing )efore their departu-re. They return o Athens • • • • • . 366 ms of Philip on Thermopylre-cor· upt connivance of the Athenian mvoys-letter from Philip which lte:y brought back to Athens • . 368 chm€s and the envoys proclaim the 'hokians to be excluded from the aths with Philip-protest of Demo· thenes in the Senate, on arriving t Athens, against the behaviour of is colleagues-vote of the Senate Pl'roving his protest • • • 369 >he assembly at Athens-successful ddress made to it by lEschines- is false assurances to the people . 370 ' Athenian people believe the pro· •ises of Philokrates and lEschin€s­ rotest ofDemostbenSs not listened to 372 ter of Philip favourably received y the assembly-motion of Philo· rates carried, decreeing peace and lliance with him for ever. Resolu­ ttion .to com_POI the Phokians to ive up Delpht • • . • i6. ters of Philip to the Athenians, 1viting them to send forces to join im at Thermopyl.,_polic;y of these ~tters-the Athenians dechne. . 373 >kian envoys heard these debates t Athens-position of Phal...,kus at 'hermopyl~e • • • • • io. >endence of the· Phokians upon .thenian aid to hold Thermopylre • 374 ws received at Thermopyl.., of the etermination of Athens against the hokians • • • • • • 375 J"'kus surrenders Thermopyl"' under convention to Philip. He with.draws all his forces • • : 377 PAG!l All the towns in Phokis surrender at discretion to Philip, who declares his full concurrence and sympathy with the Thebans • • • • 377 Third embassy sent by the Atheniahs to Philip-theenvoysretum without seeing him, on hearing of the Pho- kian convention . . . , 378 Alarm and displeasure at Athens­ motion of Kallisthenes for putting the city in a good state of defence • 379 .iEschines and other Athenian envoys visit Philip in Phokis-triumphant celebration of Philip's success . . iC. Fair professions of Philip to the Athenians, after hfs conquest of Ther· '''vlre : language of his parti· sans b., ~ns . . . . • 380 The AmP11 .... nic assembly is con- voked ar., ~i~orous sentence against th~ · .. , lans. They are excluded from · --~m_bly, and Philip is admittea ._ . -r"'~a.ce • 381 Ruin and wretchedness of the Pho· kians • • .• • • • 382 Irresistible ascendency of Philip. Re is named by the Amphiktyons pre· siding celebrator of the Pytliian festival of 346 B.c. • . . • 383 Great change effected by this peace in Grecian political relations . . ib. Demosthenes and lEschines-proof of dishonesty and fraud in lEschines, even from his own admissions . . 385 This disgraceful peace was brought upon Athens by the corruption of her own envoys . . . . 386 Impeachment and condemnation Q{ , Philokrates • . • • • 388 Miserable death of all concerned in the spoliation of the Delphian temple • ib. CRAFTER XC FROM THE PEACE OF 346 B.C. TO THE BATTLE OP Cl!A!:RONRIA AND THE DRATH OF PHILIP Position of Philip after the conclusion of the Sacred War • • • • 389 Sentiments of Demosthenes-be re. commends acquiescence in the peacf!, and acceptance of the new Ampbik- tyonic dignity of Philip . • • 390 Sentiments of Isokrates-his letter to Philip-his abnegation of free Hellenism • • • • • io. Position of the Persian king Ochus -his measures against .revolters in Phenicia and Egypt • • • 391 Reconquest of Phenicia by Ochus­ perfidy of the Sidonian prince 'rennes • • • . • • 392 Reconquest of Egypt by the Persian force under Mentor and Bag6as . 393 Power of Mentor as Persian viceroy of the Asiatic coast-he seiz~s Hermcias of Atarneus . 395 xviii Contents PAGE Peace between Philip and the Athe· nians, continued without formal re· nnnciation from ~46---340 B.c. . • 396 Movements and mtrigues of Philip n~:~7o;h~fe ~~~o~~e0ci!~~~~~d-n~ iO. Grecian city recognised as leader • 397 Vigilance and renewed warnings of Demosthen~s against Philip . • 398 Mission of Python to Athens by Philip -amendments proposed in the recent peace - fruitless discussions upon them. , • • • • • 399 Dispute about Halonnesus • • . 400 The Athenians refuse to accept cession of Halonnesus as a favour, claiming restitution of it as their right . • 401 Halonnesus taken and retaken­ reprisals between Philip and the Athenians • • • • . • 402 Movements of the philippising fac. tions at Megara- at Oreus- at Eretria • • . • • • £6. Philip in Thrace-disputes about the Bosphorus and Hellespont-Diopei· thCs commander for Athens in the Chersonese. Philip takes part with the Kardians against Athens. Hos­ tile collisions and complaints against Diopeithes • • • . • 403 Accusations against Diopeithes at Athens by the philippising orators­ DemosthenCs defends him-speech on the Chersonese, and third Philippic ib. Increased influence of Demosthenes at Athens-Athenian expedition sent, upon his motion, to Eubrea­ Oreus and Eretria are liberated 1 and Eubrea is detached from Philip 404 Mission of Demosthencs to the Cher­ sonese and Byzantium-his im­ portant services in detaching the Byzantines from Philip, and bring- in~ them into allianc~ with Athens • 405 Phihp commences the siege of Perin­ thus- he marches through the Chersonesus-declaration of war by Athens against him • • • • 406 Manifesto of Philip, declaring war against Athens • • • • • 408 Complaints of Philip against the Athenians - his policy towards Athens-his lecture on the advan- tages of peace . • • . • ib. Open war between Philip and the Athenians . • • • •• po Siege of Perinthus by Philip. His numerous engines for siege-great scale of operations. Obstinacy of the defence. The town is relieved by the Byzantines, and by Grecian mercenaries from the Persian satraps t"O. Philip attacks Byzantium--danger of the place-it is relieved by the fleets of Athens, Chios, Rhodes, &c. Suc­ cess of the Athenian fleet In the Propontis under Phokion. Philip abandons the sieges both of Perin· thus and Byzantium ~ .pi PAGE Votes of thanks from Byzantium and the Chersonesus to Athens for her aid-honours and compliments to DemosthenCs • • . • . 412 Philip withdraws from Byzantium, concludes peace with the Byzan­ tines, Chians and others, and attacks the Scythians. He is defeated by the I Triballi, and wounded, on his return 413 j Important reform effected by Demo­ sthenes in the adminhtration of the Athenian marine • . • • 414 Abuses which had crept into the trier~ archy-unfair apportionment of the burthen-undue exemption which the rich administrators had acquired for themselves . • . . . 41~ Individual hardship, and bad public • consequences, occasioned by these inequalities . . • . . t"!J, Opposition offered by the rich citizens and by .IEschin~s to the proposed re­ form of Demosthen~s-difficulties which he had to overcome • • 4xe His new reform distributes the burthen of trierarchy equitably . . • •P7 Its complete success. Improved effici~ N :~c~~:r~~e w:':~o%~~~~tinuG~:~~~ 4,~~ Kirrha and its plain near Delphi con· secrated to Apollo, in the first Sacred War under Solon . • . . 4IS Necessity of a port at Kirrha, for the convenience of visitors to Delphi. Kirrba grows up again, and comes into the occupation of the Lokrians of Amphissa • . . • . ib. Relations between the Lokrians of Amphissa and Delphi-they had stood forward earnestly in the former Sacred War to defend Delphi against the Phokians • . . . . 420 Amphiktyonic meeting at Delphi, February 339 B.C. JEschin~s one of the legates from Athens • • .. 421 Language of an Amphissian speaker ~h~~-~:w 1:Ji~~~00~f ~~ai~jJ Athenian donative in the temple • iO. Speech of JEschin~s in the Amphi· ktyonic assembly • • • • 422 Passion and tumult excited by his speech • • • . • · •123 Violent resolution adopted by the Amphiktyons • • • • • 424 The Amphiktyons with the Delphian multitude march down to destroy Kirrha-interference of the Am phis· sians to rescue their property. They drive off the Amphiktyons • • 425 Further resolution taken by the Amphiktyons to hold a future special meeting and take measures for pun- ishing the Lokrians • • • • 426 Unjust violence of the Amphikt¥ons­ puhlic mischief done by JEschm@s , ib. Effect of the proceeding of iEschine• at Athens. Opposition of Demo-- sthen~s, at first fruitless • • • 427 Contents XlX PAGE Change of feeling at Athens - the Athenians resolve to take no part in the Amphiktyonic proceedings against Amphissa . . . · · 428 Special meeting of the Amph1~tyons at Thermopylre, held w1thout Athens. Vote passed to levy a force for punishing Amphissa. Kottyphus president • . . • • ·. · 429 The Amphiktyons mvoke the mter- vention of Philip • • · · 430 Motives which dictated the vote­ dependence of most of the Amphi- ktyonic voters upon Philip • . 43 I Phihp accepts the command-marches southward through Thermopylre . 432 Philip enters Phokis-he suddenly occupies, and begins to re-fortify, Elateia • . . . . • . z"b. ·He sends an embassy to Thebes, announcing his intention to attack Attica, and asking either aid, or a free passage for his own army . . 433 Unfriendly relations subsisung be­ tween Athens and Thebes. Strong hopes of Philip that Thebes would act in concert with him against Athens • . • . . . 434 \ Great alarm at Athens, when the news .~ arrived that Philip was fortifying I, Elateia • • . . . . ib. ; Athenian public assembly held- general anxiety and silence-no one } will speak but Demosthenes • • 435 . Advice of Demosthenes to despatch an ~ embassy immediately to Thebes, and to offer alliance on the most liberal terms . . . , . . 436 The advice of Demosthenes is adopted -he is despatched with other envoys to Thebes • • . • • • 437 Divided state of feeling at Thebes­ influence of the philipp ising party­ effect produced by the Macedonian envoys . • . . . . £b. Efficient and successful oratory of Demosthenes - he persuades the Thebans to contract alliance with Athens against Philip . • • 438 The Athenian army marches by invita- tion to Thebes-cordial co-operation of the The bans and Athenians . 439 Vigorous resolutions taken at Athens --continuance of the new docks sus­ pended - the The8ric Fund is devoted to military purposes . . 440 Disappointment of Philip-he remains in Phokis, and writes to his Pelo­ ponnesian allies to come and join him against Amphissa • • • lb. War of the Athenians and Thebans against Philip in Phokis-they gain some ad vantages over him-honours paid to Demosthen~s at Athens . 441 The Athenians and Thebans reconsti- tute the Phokians and their towns • ib. War against Philip in Phokis-~:reat influence of Demosthen&-auxili- aries which he procured • • 442 PAGE Inet·eased efforts of Philip in Phokis • 444 Successes of Philip-he defeats a large body of mercenary troops-he takes Amphissa • • • . • . 445 No eminent general on the side of the Greeks-DemosthenCs keeps up the spirits of the allies, and holds them together • • • • • • 446 Battle of Chreroneia-complete victory of Philip • • • • • • 447 Macedonian phalanx-its long pikes­ superior in front charge to the Grecian hoplites • • • • 448 Excellent organisation of the Mace· donian army hy Philip- different sorts of force combined . , t"h. Loss at thea;battle of Chreroneia . . i6. Distress and alarm at Athens on the news of the defeat • . • . 449 Resolutions taken at Athens for ener· gd~~c~~h~~~· to ~~~~~the~€~ con: ill. Effect produced upon some of the islanders in the 1Egean by the defeat-conduct of the Rhodians . 451 Conduct of Philip after the victory­ harshness towards Thebes-greater lenity 1to Athens . . . . i6. Conduct of &chines-Demades is sent as envoy to Philip . . . 452 Peace of Demades, concluded between Philip and the Athenians. The Athenians are compelled to recognise him as· chief of the Hellenic world • 453 Remarks of Polybius on the Demadean peace -means of resistance still possessed by Athens • • • 454 Honorary votes passed at Athens to Philip • • • • . • 455 Impeachments brought against De­ mosthenes at Athens-the Athenians stand by him : . . • . . ib. Expedition of Philip into Pelopon- nesus. He invades Laconia . . 456 Congress held at Corinth. Philip is chosen chief of the Greeks against Persia • • • • • • 457 Mortification to Athenian feelings­ degraded position of Athens and of Greece. No genuine feeling in Greece now, towards war against Persia • . • • • • ib. Preparations of Philip for the invasion of Persia • • • • • • 458 Philip repudiates Olympias at the instance of his recently married wife, Kleopatra- resentment of Olympias and Alexander-dissension at court . . . . . . t'b. Great festival in 1\.:Iacedonia-cele· brating the birth of a son to Philip hy Kleopatra, and the marriage of h1s daughter with Alexander of Epirus • • • ·• • • 459 Pausanias-outrage inflicted upon him -his resentment against Philip, encouraged by tl" 'artisans of Olympias and AI:/ · .1er. . . 46o Assassination of P' .,p by Pausanias, who is slain by the guards • • 461 XX Contents PAG~ Accomplice• of Pausanills • , • 462 Alexander the. Great is d•clared king -first notice given to him by the Lynkestian Alexander, one of the conspirators - Attalus and queen Kleopatra, with her infant son, are put to death , • . . • ib. Sattsfaction manifested by Olympias at the death crf Philip • 464 Character of Philip • , ib. CHAPTER XCI FIRST PERIOD OF THE REIGN OF ALEX­ ANDER THE GREAT-SIEGE AND CAPTURE OF THEBES State of Greece at Alexander's acces­ sion-dependenceon the Macedon ian kings. • • • . • • 467 Unwilling subjection of the Greeks­ influence of Grecian intelligence on Macedonia • • • . 468 Basis of Alexander's character-not Hellenic • • • • • • 469 Boyhood and education of Alexander. ib. He receives instruction from Aristotle £0. E<'!.rly political action and maturity of Alexander-his quarrels with his father. Family discord • • • 470 Uncertainty of Alexander's position dmin~ the last year of Philip . • 471 lmpress10n produced by the sudden death of Philip • • • • 472 Accession of Alexander-his energy and judgement. , , , • to, Accomplices of Pausanias are slain by Alexander~Amyntas and others are slain by him also • • . . 473 Sentiment at Athens on the death of Philip--:-language of Demosthenes­ inclination to resist Macedonia1 but no overt act • • • • • 475 Discontent in Greece-but no positive movement • • • • • . 476 March of Alexander into Greece- submission of Athens • • . r."b. Alexander is chosen Imperator of the Greeks in the convention at Corinth -continued refusal of concurrence bv Sparta. • • • • . 478 Coriditions of the vote thus pa._"sed-­ privileges guaranteed to the cities • ib, Authority claimed by Alexander under the convention-degradation of the leading Grecian states • • • 48o F.ncroachments and tyranny of the 1Iacedonian officers in Greece­ complaints of the crators a.t Athens 481 Viulations of the convention at sea by Macedonian officers • • • • 482 Language of the complaining Athe. nians-they insist only on strict observance of the convention. Bold· ness of their language . • • 483 Encouragements held out by Per:;ia to the Greeks • 484 PAGB. Corr••pondence of Demo,;thene. with Pers1a-justifiahle and politic • • 484 ~1arch of Alexeinder into Thrace. lie forces his way over Mount H~mus • 485 His victory over the Triballi . · 486 He crosses the Danube, defeats the Getre, and return:; back • • 487 Embassy of Gauls to Alexander. His self-conceit • • , • · 489 Victori-es of Alexander over Kleitusand the !llyrians • • . · • 490 The Thebans declare their independ· cnce against Macedonia • . · 492 They are encouraged by Alexander's long absence in Thrace, and by re· ports of his death , . • • 493 The Theban exiles from Athens get possession of Thebes • • · 494 Tbey besiege the Macedonians in the Ka.dmeia-and entreat aid ftom other Greeks. Favourable sympathies shown towards them, but no positive "id • • • • • • • 496 Chances of Thebes and liberation, not unfavourable • • • • • ib. Rapid march and unexpected arrival of Alexander with his army before Thebes. His good fortune as to the time of hearing the news • • • 497 Siege of Thebes. Proclamation of Alexander. Determination of the Thebans to resist • . . • 498 Capture of Thebes by assault. Mas- sacre of the populatiOn . • • ilJ. Thebes is razed; the Theban captives sold as slaves; the territory dl.s~ tributed among the neighbouring cities. • • • • • • soo The Kadmeia is occupied as a Mace~ donian military po::>t. Retribution upon the The bans from Orchomenus and Plataoa ·, • • • • 501 Sentiments of Alexander, at the time and afterwards, respecting the de· struction of Thebes . • • • 50.1 Extreme terror spread throughout Greece. Sympathy of the Athenians towards the Thebt\n exiles . • 505 Alexander demands the surrender of the chief anti~ Macedon ian leaders at Athens. Memorable debate at Athens. The demand refused • io. Embassy of the Athenians to Alex· ander. He is persuaded to acquiesce in the refusal, and to be satisfied with the banishment of Charidemub and Ephialtes • • • . • 507 lufluence of Phokion in obtaining the5e milder terms-his increased ascend- ency at Athens . . . • . soB Alexander at Corinth-obedience of the Grecian synod-interview with the philosopher Diogen!s , • ib. Reconstitution of Orchomenus and Plataoa. Return of Alexander to Pella. , • • • • • 509 Military operations or Parmenio in Asia Minot against Memnon • . ib. HISTORY OF GREECE PART II It '• HISTORICAL GREECE (Continued) CHAPTER. LXXXIII ICILIAN AFFAIRS (continuet/)-FROM THE DESTRUCTION OF THE CARTHAGINIAN ARMY BY PESTILENCE BEFORE SYRA­ CUSE, DOWN TO THE DEATH OF DIONYSIUS THE ELDER. B.C. 394-367 1 IN my preceding chapter, I described the first eleven years of l1e reign of Dionysius called the Elder, as despot at Syracuse, .own to his first great war against the Carthaginians ; which rar ended by a sudden turn of fortune in his favour, at a time rhen he was hard pressed and actually besieged. The ictorious Carthaginian army before Syracuse was utterly uined by a terrible pestilence, followed by ignominious treason n"the part of its commander Imilkon. Within the space of less than thirty years, we read of four .is tinct epidemic distempers, 1 each of frightful severity, as ,aving affiictea Carthage and her armies in Sicily, without )Uching either Syracuse or the Sicilian Greeks. Such pidemics were the most irresistible of all enemies to the :arthaginians, and the most effective allies to Dionysius. The econd and third-conspicuous allfong the many fortunate vents of his life-occurred at the exact juncture necessary for escuing him from a tide of superiority in the Carthaginian 1 Diodor. xiii. 86-II4; xiv. 70; xv. 24. Another pestilence is alluded· ) by Diodorus in 368 B.C. (Diodor:xv. 73). Movers notices the intense and frequent sufferings of the ancient Phoeni­ ians, in their own country, from pestilence; and the fearful religious expia­ ons to which these sufferings gave rise (Die Phonizier, vol. ii. part. ii • . g). VOL. XI. I B 2 History of Greece arms, which seemed in a fair way to overwhelm him cor pletely. Upon what physical conditions the frequent repetiti< -of such a calamity depended, together with the remarkable fa that it was confined to Carthage and her armies-we kno partially in respect to the third of the four cases, but not at '' in regard to the others. The flight of Imilkon with his Carthaginians from Syracw left Dionysius and the Syracusans in the full swing of triump: The conquests made by lmilkon were altogether lost, and tl Carthaginian dominion in Sicily was now cut down to th restricted space in the western corner of the island, which had occupied prior to the invasion of Hannibal in 409 B.c. ~ prodigious a success probably enabled Dionysius to put dov. the opposition recently manifested among the Syracusans 1 the continuance of his rule. We are told that he was great embarrassed by his mercenaries; who, having been for son time without pay, manifested such angry discontent as 1 threaten his downfall. Dionysius seized the person of the -commander, the Spartan Aristoteles: upon which the soldie mutinied and flocked in arms round his residence, demandir in fierce terms both the liberty of their commander and tl payment of their arrears. Of these demands, Dionysius elud< the first by saying that he would send away Aristoteles Sparta, to be tried and dealt with among his own countrymer .as to the s'econd, he pacified the soldiers by assigning to ther in exchange for their pay, the town and territory of Leontir Willingly accepting this rich bribe, the most fertile soil of tl island, the mercenaries quitted Syracuse to the number , ro,ooo, to take up their residence in the newly assigned towr while Dionysius hired new mercenaries in their place. 1 these (including perhaps the Iberians or Spaniards who ha recently passed from the Carthaginian service into his) and 1 the slaves whom he had liberated, he entrusted the maintenan( of his dominion.l These few facts, which are all that we hear, enable us to S( that the relations between Dionysius and the mercenaries l whose means he ruled Syracuse, were troubled and difficult 1 manage. But they do not explain to us the full cause of su< discord. We know that a short time before, Dionysius hE rid himself of rooo obnoxious mercenaries by treacherous betraying them to death in a battle with the Carthaginian Moreover, he would hardly have seized the person of Arisl . teles, and sent him away for trial, if the latter had done nothi1 1 Diodor. xiv. 78. Sicilian Affairs 3 · more than demand pay really due to his soldiers. It seems :probable that the discontent of the mercenaries rested upon 'deeper causes, perhaps connected with that movement in the · Syracusan mind against Dionysius, manifested openly in the ·invective of Theodorus. We should have been glad also to know how Dionysius proposed to pay the new mercenaries, if he had no means of paying the old. The cost of maintaining ·his standing army, upon whomsoever it fell, must have been burdensome in the extreme. What became of the previous 'res1dents and proprietors at Leontini, who must have been dispossessed when this much-coveted site was transferred to the mercenaries? On all these points we are unfortunately left in · ignorance. · Dionysius now set forth towards .the north of Sicily to re-establish Messene ; while those other Sicilians, who had been expelled from their abodes by the Carthaginians, got together and returned. In reconstituting Messene after its demolition by Imilkon, he obtained the means of planting there a population altogether in his interests, suitable to the aggressive designs which he was already contemplating against Rhegium ·and the other Italian Greeks. He established in it 1ooo 'Lokrians,-4ooo persons from another city the name of which :'·we cannot certainly. make out, 1-and 6oo of the Peloponnesian · Messenians. These latter had been expelled by Sparta from Zakynthus and Naupaktus at the close of the Peloponnesian · war, and had taken service in Sicily with Dionysius. Even 1here, the hatred of Sparta followed them. Her remonstrances against his project of establishing them in a city of considera­ tion bearing their own ancient name, obliged him to withdraw them : upon which he planted them on a portion of the ! Abakene territory on the northern coast. They gave to their new city the name of Tyndaris, admitted many new residents, ·and conducted their affairs so prudently, a? presently to attain . a total of sooo citizens.2 Neither here, nor at Messene, do ~·we find any mention made of the re-establishment of those •I ;·. 1 Diodor. xiv. 78. I!.!OVVO"tOS o' els Mea-rr~vrw IUI!TcPIpovovv'To.s fJ.~T~..ev6eplas o.vTelxovTo, tco.l T1/S Tov Tvp&.vvov c£o.s 0.11'E