SOCIAL TRENDS
Journal of the Department of Sociology of North Bengal University

Vol. 9, 31 March 2022; ISSN: 2348-6538
Peer-reviewed National Journal

15

Digital Technology in Education: An Assessment
Surendra Kalet

PhD. Scholar, Department of Sociology, Sambalpur University,
Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha

Saswat Chandra Pujari
Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Sambalpur

University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha

Abstract: Technology has positively changed the educational system
in which we live. Digitalisation has enhanced the educational process,
making it even more charming. Today, technology plays a crucial part
in education. Traditional procedures have been supplanted by new
modes of teaching and learning in education. Digital technology can
assist students in gaining massive amounts of information, providing
them with the ability to be self-directed and access to educational assets.
But the positive effects that go along with the negative ones should not
be overlooked. This paper discusses how diverse methods of teaching
and learning could be suitable for students with the usage of digital
technology; the importance of technology in the educational sector; and
how the use of technology could open up new opportunities and bring
challenges in the field of education.

Keywords: Digital technology, education, opportunities,
challenges, everyday life.

Introduction
Technology is essential across every part of the world. The
educational segment is one such area where it is tremendously
significant. With the development of technology, education has
been made simpler, more interesting, and more accessible
(Budhwar 2017). The utilisation of technological knowledge in
education has fundamentally modified many aspects of modern
life. It facilitates students to access vital information in a short



period of time (Quarshie et al. 2012). It provides a variety of
modernisations that will be used for flexible exercises such as
research, educational practices, and assignments (Dutta and
Chabra 2019). It can easily access all the time, whenever and
wherever it needs, ease of access to diverse required educational
resources, online-based education, and eventually measure the
prospect of the teaching segment for the last few decades (Verma
2020). Furthermore, images, animation, music, and video enable
us to empower the students in different ways. Every single category
has its own specific appearance and fulfils diverse needs; the visual
impact of animation is to link the learning process, while sound
encompasses all forms of spoken communication (Wikramanayake
2005). There are several technological elements accessible to make
information-managing methods in connection to everyday life
activities, but the way it influences students’ education may be a
significant theme in the present phase.
Despite the reality that technology may help students learn massive
volumes of information, certain adverse consequences shouldn’t
be overlooked (Alghamdi 2016). Technological gadgets and social
networking sites are often used to have a detrimental influence
on students’ ability to acquire knowledge. Spending more time on
social media, such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, etc., distracts
them from academic tasks (Gok 2015). Apart from that, one of
the most neglected communities that have been alienated from
the concept of digital technology is the indigenous
people. Sometimes the dialect used on the digital platform becomes
a burden for them as they cannot understand it as their mother
tongue is different. Furthermore, due to the poor infrastructure
and societal concerns, it will be more challenging to make digital
education more accessible to all the categories of students,
especially to the tribal community that has been living near the
hill area (Aneesh et al. 2021). As a result, this paper attempts to
emphasise how traditional and contemporary educational
practices can be effective; what obstacles may various student
groups confront while using digital tools; the implications of
technology in education in connection to today’s scenario; and
eventually, how the use of existing technologies can build
something new and address a wide variety of educational concerns
in students’ daily lives.

237Digital Technology in Education: An Assessment



Surendra Kalet & Dr. Saswat Chandra Pujari238

Sociological perspectives on education
According to Pierre Bourdieu, “cultural capital” is an assortment
of representative components such as abilities, desires, appearance,
attitudes, practices, and so on, that one receives by being a part of
a given social class. He discussed that the children of the upper
class are likely to partake in cultural possessions such as
knowledge, manners, attitudes, and cultural involvement, which
means they get ahead in education as compare to the lower class
children (Agin 2018). This idea is pertinent within the
contemporary-day scenario for the higher and lower class groups
of our society. Students from the upper class can easily get all the
facilities to access technology. Due to the several socio-economic
levels, upper-class students effectively advance in all technological
substances that can support in their education. They obtain direct
or indirect assistance in their education by examining various
internet sources. On the other hand, dominating class students
are unable to comprehend technology and hardly ever define such
possibilities in their daily life due to a lack of cultural capital.
Functional perspective reflects education has massive inferences
for students in connection to their daily lives. Education enhances
coherence, confidence, and has a positive impact on society. It
prepares students to work well in progress throughout their
lifespan and imparts vital skills and techniques to boost their
knowledge. Education, for example, is used in the process of
socialization; it is the process through which the next generation
obtains information, methods, and morals as a form of learning
platform (Welch 1985). In today’s situation, digital technology
enables students to encompass their knowledge in a diverse way
by utilising digital tools. It allows students to accomplish
educational activities in much less time, apply for jobs from home,
and retrieve educational content from a variety of sources. It assists
students in becoming familiar with extra-curricular activities and,
ultimately, improves their knowledge of various easy strategies
for obtaining a quick answer. Thus, technology is regarded as one
of the most effective teaching tools available for students.

Educational practices in India
Since independence, substantial advancement has been made in
several aspects of the education field. Learning has shifted from a



monologue to a dialogue process. It has made important
contributions at all levels of educational attainment: primary,
secondary, and higher. However, there are extensive breaks in
our learning systems, such as the new technical infrastructure in
certain academic institutions could not be accessible as per the
needs of the students (Dogra and Gulati 2006). Technology is
rapidly expanding in the modern period, and it carries over into
the existing educational system, modernising it as well. In modern
times, learners only study at institutions by competing to be the
first; there is no intensive study to gain practical knowledge. Thus,
it is indeed a massive strain, as well as a lot of work pressure on
them. Due to this, it forces students to commit suicide. Our system
of education must learn from ancient and mediaeval educational
practises in terms of its practical knowledge acquisition, learning
environments, student lifestyles at that time, and much more
(Ghonge et al. 2021). After going through several stages of
education, it is seen that the education sector in ancient times did
not have a wide variety of sources and modern technology. Yet
they attempted to drive a better structured learning framework
for the students to get suitable knowledge regarding their subject
matter. However, the predominance of the caste system in
schooling was indeed the main concern at that time. After the
British arrived in India, they proceeded to modify the education
system for their own gain. In the existing educational system, the
government is spending a lot of money on education and major
initiatives are being taken to eliminate educational barriers (Kumar
2012). Technology is primarily used as a good example at several
institutions, such as teaching; using a projector or smart board to
show the presentation; displaying motivational clips to encourage
the students. Furthermore, numerous articles, reports, virtual
learning platforms, and web sources help the students get new
and extensive information regarding their subject theme.
The educational situation in India has been perceived from a diverse
viewpoint after the traditional period to this current era. Both
traditional and digital methods of the teaching-learning process
are important and have their relevance in various ways. Traditional
methods of teaching and learning have given way to new and
emerging technologies. It has a significant impact on all areas of
educational programs, such as techniques for school, classroom
learning (Bhakta 2016) and so on. Technology is making

239Digital Technology in Education: An Assessment



information more accessible and highly contagious to all types of
people from anywhere. It is hard to derive which mode of
education is best because both have their significance. However,
due to modern education, traditional education is gradually being
lessened and replaced with new ways of teaching that make use
of technological gadgets. The following key points highlight the
methods and importance of both traditional and modern teaching-
learning processes.

Traditional scenario
Prior to the digital age, most students couldn’t gather sufficient
data in a short amount of time. There were no schools for children;
they obtained their education or information in gurukuls from their
masters, who essentially focused on the ceremonies or customs
instead of this leading-edge education (Budhwar 2017). In
addition, a few more critical characteristics have been noticed in
the traditional situation; during class, the teacher usually persists
longer than the learners, class time is used for group work and
cooperation, and textbooks have been broadly used as there is no
alternative for this. If teachers focus on conveying the content in
the best way and the students truly demonstrate attention and
engage with what they study, this mode of education assists them
more to gain more knowledge (Sharma 2018). In the traditional
teaching technique, the teacher explains the concept to the students
using chalk and blackboards. The students can take significant
points from the blackboard which have been highlighted by the
teacher. Students evaluate their records following class and
attempt to remember the notes. The traditional teaching strategy
is much less expensive than the modern way of teaching (Sharma
2018). Traditional teaching strategies involve more interaction
between students and teachers than modern teaching methods
(Dimitrios et al. 2013). The class is more disciplined and interesting
in the traditional way of teaching. Its approaches do not require
any special technical abilities from the instructor, so it can allow
him to focus only on his topic and provide the best information to
the learners.

Surendra Kalet & Dr. Saswat Chandra Pujari240



Education in the contemporary era
Technology has drastically altered the way we educate, and its
impact is grasped strongly among the students of all category (Raja
and Nagasubramani 2018). Utilizing technology in education
demonstrates a great, even an unpleasant, connection between
learning and technology (Sigdel 2017). Inside the school sector,
technology demonstrates that students are becoming progressively
sociable, enthusiastic, active, and intellectually better. It encourages
it through expanded productivity and adequacy (Courville 2011).
With the help of the internet, it has more potential influenced on
their education, helping to enhance their brains and grasp new
thoughts and opportunities simultaneously (Bremer 2005). With
the assistance of technological gadgets, children can now
participate in learning networks all over the world. With the use
of digital learning tools, it enables students to use share information
and help with their academic tasks. Also, with the use of
enchanting graphics and visuals, modern technology-based
education captures learners’ attention in a varied way. Using visible
elements during class teaching allows learners to become close to
the subject and hold the belief for a prolonged period (Brooks and
Brooks 1999). Advanced teaching frameworks are made up of
more focused videos and animations than traditional blackboard
tactics. Thus, as long as someone can manage to pay for the
gadgets, this type of education is tremendously flexible and
convenient. During this period, the barrier of societal alienation
can be overcome by forming study groups online or offline and
simply interacting with them.

Technology-driven education: New opportunities
There are such a large number of favourable circumstances in
technology that assist in improving the educational process. It
appears that across the planet, there is an active relationship
between children and technology. They realise they will use
technology more effectively and more normally than their parents.
They realise they are the computer generation, “as seen by
Seymour Papert, a prestigious master within the field of computers
and man-made intelligence” (Papert 1996). The impact of
technology on learning is exceptionally massive. Technology
within the classroom is progressively improving learning with the

241Digital Technology in Education: An Assessment



help of technological equipments (Paul 2014). With the help of
technological gadgets, it improves new ways of learning as well
as their enthusiasm, imagination, and enlightenment. It promotes
cognitive development because the cerebrum is the most precious
reserve of a student. It works best when an individual employs it.
Also, it assists in building up the psyches of students through access
to a boundless expanse of knowledge online. It encourages
students to stay engaged with the learning environment, approach
advanced information with self-guided learning, easy access to
information through different sites, and virtual recreation. It is
also integrated into the classroom in several ways; teachers can
find new ways to present the subject theme and also have ideas
to lead new procedures. Through the use of various tasks by
utilising digital tools, it can be able to make education become
more interesting (Reddy and Bubonia 2020). Furthermore, it
accesses learning information by using digital resources in a variety
of ways to support learning, such as electronic grade books,
accessing websites to gather information, reading e-papers,
knowing the weather forecast, and visiting several sites to gather
assignments based on the subject matter.
The Corona virus pandemic had a global impact on all elements
of human life, as well as the different sectors of our society like;
education, research field, sports, entertainment, transportation,
religion, social events, the economy, and commerce. The truth of
the situation has been tough to face, and the education sector
continues to be one of the most affected sectors by the coronavirus
pandemic (Onyema 2020). Students were unable to leave their
homes for fear of the spread of this virus. Due to the shutdown,
schools, colleges, and other institutions use online education as
the primary mode of instruction. Home learning always provides
a pleasant place to focus, as students can determine the best
environment for themselves. Because of the shutdown, all
educational institutions remained closed. However, to continue
the teaching-learning process, most institutions adopted a virtual
method of education during the Corona virus pandemic, utilising
different internet technologies such as Google Meet, Zoom, and
others (Adeoye et al. 2020). The teachers steadily organise online
webinars and meetings to get in touch with the students and their
faculty members. The requirement for online teaching and learning
has seen a massive explosion since the pandemic. This represents

Surendra Kalet & Dr. Saswat Chandra Pujari242



a huge and growing demand for online learning. The online
teaching method only requires a reliable internet connection and
a laptop or smartphone to conduct smoothly. Also, students do
not have to move from one place to another, so it saves their travel
time and they can attend the class by sitting at home (Mathivanan
et al. 2021). During this pandemic time, this is the only way
through which a teacher can connect with the students for the
teaching-learning process. Thus, digital technology is one way in
which it can be able to help students as well as students in
education.

Technology in education: Some concerns
Even though digitalisation over media and electronic devices helps
students obtain vast amounts of information, teaches them how
to be creative, and provides them with access to technical resources,
some negative consequences should not be overlooked (Alghamdi
2017). Children’s creative minds are being influenced, but
simultaneously, their reasoning capacity is being condensed, which
kills the creativity of the students. Students nowadays are
completely reliant on technology. They cannot accomplish basic
tasks by themselves. Due to technology, they are becoming
unenergetic and exhausted. They spent the entire day on
smartphone and computer, not attending any events or going for
a walk. Furthermore, using computers in the classroom has a
negative influence on students since they are overstimulated and
divert their attention away from the classroom teaching (Raja and
Nagasubramani 2018). Furthermore, it negatively impacts on
reducing imagination; it indirectly develops factual approaches
to deal with frustration, anger, fear, and struggles with time
management in education when using technology (Padmanabhan
2020). Nowadays, children operate computers, play games, run
different applications on smartphones, and spend more time on
this digital platform. These conditions do exclude children from
their education. Sometimes it leads to harm the eyes. Students who
use screen-based technologies for extended periods of time for
studying are at a risk of developing vision syndrome. Even though
many students nowadays carry a smartphone in their compact.
They, however, find a means to unfairly observe their texts and

243Digital Technology in Education: An Assessment



emails and see who likes their most recent picture on social
platform throughout the class.
During the coronavirus pandemic, the use of and transition to e-
learning may prompt teachers to include more online elements in
the classroom. Moreover, there are some real-world issues and
limitations associated with the convenience of digital tools for
education. As a result, there is a digital divide between students
from different socioeconomic backgrounds, although not even all
students and faculty may have internet connectivity or reliable
internet connections. It also implies that obtaining e-learning is
now the most affordable. As a result, students from
underprivileged backgrounds face more hurdles than other
students group (Rashid and Yadav 2020). Due to the Corona virus
pandemic, many students are forced to study from home. In
addition to the cost of an online education, a number of further
challenges, such as network problems, improper electricity supply,
low digital literacy, poor access and unavailability, contribute to
making education challenging (Onyema 2020). Although
individuals may learn using a variety of online tools and
techniques, it does not always facilitate proper learner performance
(Sangma 2021) due to lack of proper concentration in online
education. On the one hand, students from urban centers have
access to all kinds of facilities from their homes due to their high
social profile, while majority of the tribal and rural students do
not have easy access to network connectivity. They often come to
the hill area to get network connections for the online sessions. In
addition, due to the lack of technological skills and low
socioeconomic status, it is impossible for a person to buy a
smartphone.

Critical remarks
Digital technology promotes many advantageous things for
students in the educational field as well as in their everyday lives.
Everyday life includes how people conduct all of their activities
from day to night, and most of these activities are gradually
becoming linked with digital technology. Technology offers
numerous benefits, but it also has many drawbacks for learners.
Nowadays, the use of the internet has the benefit of providing
students with a broad grasp of their daily life activities. They now

Surendra Kalet & Dr. Saswat Chandra Pujari244



obtain global knowledge in fractions of a second while working
from home. But at the same time, some students cannot profit
from it owing to different constraints, such as connectivity issues
and weak infrastructure (Selwyn 2010). Moreover, their ability to
focus on educational activities is found to be disrupted by YouTube,
Facebook, or Twitter (Raut and Patil 2016). They do not want to
use their smartphones exclusively for educational purposes, but
they do customise them to make calls, watch movies, and browse
the internet. Moreover, they like to access and use different sources
like messaging, online mail, and operating social networking sites
rather than researching library online resources (Alfawareh and
Jusoh 2014). Also, due to the large advancement in technology,
teachers facilitate students with various online apparatuses instead
of genuinely speaking with them. Numerous websites feature
incorrect data on many issues, which may have been pasted or
copied from several repositories without confirming the legitimacy
of the content. As a result of this misinformation, students regularly
make mistakes that can have a substantial impact on their
educational growth (Hanson 2011). Students are not learning with
the help of these gadgets. Instead, they are interested in monitoring
their loved ones’ postings, status updates, and other information.
Ultimately, it disconnects students from the real world. Most of
them prefer to text or converse on social networks instead of in-
person contact with one another in reality. Even though students
devote lots of time face-to-face altogether, they like to spend that
significant time communicating on their smartphones instead of
in-person interaction.

Conclusion
Digital technology could provide students with a better
understanding and knowledge of subjects, and also allow them
to participate in a variety of academic activities through an online
mode. It provides enormous potential for enhancing students’
education and makes it even more suitable to utilise diverse sources
concerning their subject needs. It also meets several of the
educational burdens and expectations of today’s students. Science
and technology have the potential to hasten the transition from
offline to online teaching and learning processes. During the
coronavirus pandemic, despite the obstacles in education during
the lockdown period, there has been a new paradigm from offline

245Digital Technology in Education: An Assessment



classroom teaching to online teaching. Teachers and students were
less aware of several online learning modalities and virtual
classrooms in the initial stages of technology adoption. Ultimately,
after using it frequently, the teachers as well as students have
adapted to different educational abilities and capabilities that
necessitate online education, which is finally help to maintain
contact between the teachers and students during the crucial time.
Digital technology positively impacts students in the field of
education, but simultaneously has some negative impacts on them.
Students’ excessive use of technology can result in a number of
social, psychological, and physical problems. Thus, students
should take advantage of the opportunities and eliminate the
drawbacks so that they can be prepared to face the current reality
while avoiding the negative aspects of digital technology.

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249Digital Technology in Education: An Assessment